ReviewHarvard review of psychiatry
The Use of Virtual Reality Technology in the Treatment of Anxiety and Other Psychiatric Disorders.
Review in Harvard review of psychiatry. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 8 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 234 papers, 18 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Use of Virtual Reality to Reduce Anxiety and Pain in Perioperative Settings
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the "VRTierOne" Virtual Therapeutic Game as a Method Supporting the Post-stroke Rehabilitation
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Reality Therapy as a Method Supporting the Cardiac Rehabilitation
Immersive Virtual Therapy as a Method Supporting the Non-Farmacological Treatment of Late-Life Depression
A Phase II Feasibility Trial Using Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) at the Time of Clinical Evaluation to Improve Psychological Distress and Anxiety in Primary Brain Tumor (PBT) Patients
The Evaluation of Virtual Reality Therapy Efficacy in the Treatment of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
MIND-VR: Virtual Reality for COVID-19 Operators' Psychological Support
Development of Intelligent Virtual Reality Therapy System (IVRTS) and Testing Its Clinical Efficacy: Revolutionizing Evidence-Based Psychotherapy
Who cites it
234 citing papers in PubMed, 18 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Artificial intelligence (AI) for virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET): A systematic review.Translational psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Interventions for Promoting Physical Activity in Patients With Heart Failure: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of Virtual Reality Interventions on Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy of virtual reality-based exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in military veterans: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Transforming Healthcare: A Comprehensive Review of Augmented and Virtual Reality Interventions.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- Virtual reality for the management of musculoskeletal pain: an umbrella review.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness and User Experience of Virtual Reality for Social Anxiety Disorder: Systematic Review.JMIR mental health · 2024Pooled it
- Effects of two non-drug interventions on pain and anxiety in the nursing process of burn patients: a literature review with meta-analysis.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2024Pooled it
- Stand-alone virtual reality exposure therapy as a treatment for social anxiety symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Upsala journal of medical sciences · 2023Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Virtual Reality and In Vivo Exposure Therapy as Psychological Interventions for Public Speaking Anxiety.Behavior modification · 2022Pooled it
- How effective is virtual reality technology in palliative care? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Palliative medicine · 2022Pooled it
- The Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Exposure-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Severe Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Meta-analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2022Pooled it
- Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Armed Forces Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review and Focus Group.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Virtual reality: a powerful technology to provide novel insight into treatment mechanisms of addiction.Translational psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Biofeedback-Based Connected Mental Health Interventions for Anxiety: Systematic Literature Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2021Pooled it
- The Effect of Virtual Reality on Emotional Response and Symptoms Provocation in Patients With OCD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Virtual reality and non-invasive brain stimulation for rehabilitation applications: a systematic review.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2020Pooled it
- Evidence on Virtual Reality-Based Therapies for Psychiatric Disorders: Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses.Journal of medical Internet research · 2020Pooled it
- ICU-specific virtual reality for mental health after critical illness: an international three-arm randomized clinical trial.Critical care (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Examining the Efficacy of a Telehealth-Based Virtual Reality Clinic in Treating Adults With Specific Phobia: Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR formative research · 2026Trial
174 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
LEARNING
objectivesAfter participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Evaluate the literature regarding the effectiveness of incorporating virtual reality (VR) in the treatment of psychiatric disorders• Assess the use of exposure-based intervention for anxiety disorders ABSTRACT: Virtual reality (VR) allows users to experience a sense of presence in a computer-generated, three-dimensional environment. Sensory information is delivered through a head-mounted display and specialized interface devices. These devices track head movements so that the movements and images change in a natural way with head motion, allowing for a sense of immersion. VR, which allows for controlled delivery of sensory stimulation via the therapist, is a convenient and cost-effective treatment. This review focuses on the available literature regarding the effectiveness of incorporating VR within the treatment of various psychiatric disorders, with particular attention to exposure-based intervention for anxiety disorders. A systematic literature search was conducted in order to identify studies implementing VR-based treatment for anxiety or other psychiatric disorders. This article reviews the history of the development of VR-based technology and its use within psychiatric treatment, the empirical evidence for VR-based treatment, and the benefits for using VR for psychiatric research and treatment. It also presents recommendations for how to incorporate VR into psychiatric care and discusses future directions for VR-based treatment and clinical research.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.