ArticleBMJ open2017
Sex differences in the association between area deprivation and generalised anxiety disorder: British population study.
Article in BMJ open, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Psychometric properties and age- and gender-specific normative values of the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 among older adults aged 60 years and above.BMC geriatrics · 2026Article
- Depression or Anxiety by Region, Small-Area Deprivation, and Health Care Level in Sweden.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Tools used to estimate the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder in populations: a scoping review.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2026Article
- Connecting to Community: A Social Identity Approach to Neighborhood Mental Health.Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc · 2024Review
- Area-level Measures of the Social Environment: Operationalization, Pitfalls, and Ways Forward.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2024Review
- Sex differences evident in elevated anxiety symptoms in multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Examining the impact of socioeconomic status, demographic characteristics, lifestyle and other risk factors on adults' cognitive functioning in developing countries: an analysis of five selected WHO SAGE Wave 1 Countries.International journal for equity in health · 2022Article
- What social determinants outside paid work are related to development of mental health during life? An integrative review of results from the Northern Swedish Cohort.BMC public health · 2021Review
- Leptin polymorphism rs3828942: risk for anxiety disorders?European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2021Article
- How does area-level deprivation depress an individual's self-rated health and life satisfaction? Evidence from a nationwide population-based survey in Japan.BMC public health · 2021Article
- Trends in generalised anxiety disorders and symptoms in primary care: UK population-based cohort study.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science · 2021Article
- Association between area deprivation and major depressive disorder in British men and women: a cohort study.BMJ open · 2019Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveStudies have shown that area-level deprivation measured by factors, such as non-home ownership, non-car ownership and household overcrowding, can increase the risk for mental disorders over and above individual-level circumstances, such as education and social class. Whether area-level deprivation is associated with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) independent of personal circumstances, and whether this association is different between British women and men is unknown.
designLarge, population study.
settingUK population-based cohort.
participants30 445 people from the general population aged 40 years and older and living in England consented to participate at study baseline, and of these, 21 921 participants completed a structured health and lifestyle questionnaire used to capture GAD. Area deprivation was measured in 1991 using Census data, and GAD was assessed in 1996-2000. 10 275 women and 8219 men had complete data on all covariates.
main outcome measurePast-year GAD defined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV).
resultsIn this study, 2.5% (261/10 275) of women and 1.8% (145/8219) of men had GAD. Women living in the most deprived areas were over 60% more likely to develop anxiety than those living in areas that were not deprived (OR=1.63, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.21; p=0.001), but this association between deprivation and GAD was not apparent in men (OR=1.13, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.77; p=0.598).
conclusionsThe absolute numbers of people living in deprived conditions are large worldwide. This, combined with a growing mental health burden, means that the findings obtained in this study remain highly relevant. The WHO has emphasised the need to reduce social and health inequalities. Our findings provide a strong evidence base to this call, showing that the environment needs to be taken into account when developing mental health policy; gender is important when it comes to assessing the influence of the environment on our mental health.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.