ArticleJournal of virology2017
Immune Escape Variants of H9N2 Influenza Viruses Containing Deletions at the Hemagglutinin Receptor Binding Site Retain Fitness
Article in Journal of virology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- The molecular basis of antigenic variation among A(H9N2) avian influenza viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2018Pooled it
- Serological Surveillance of Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 Subtype in Occupational Populations Exposed to Poultry Environment in China During 2018-2023.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Evaluating the epizootic and zoonotic threat of an H7N9 low-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (LPAIV) variant associated with enhanced pathogenicity in turkeys.The Journal of general virology · 2024Article
- Recent H9N2 avian influenza virus lost hemagglutination activity due to a K141N substitution in hemagglutinin.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Effects of the Glycosylation of the HA Protein of H9N2 Subtype Avian Influenza Virus on the Pathogenicity in Mice and Antigenicity.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2024Article
- Antigenic Architecture of the H7N2 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Belonging to the North American Lineage.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Risk assessment of the newly emerged H7N9 avian influenza viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Evolutionary pressures rendered by animal husbandry practices for avian influenza viruses to adapt to humans.iScience · 2022Review
- Article
- Coinfection of Chickens with H9N2 and H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses Leads to Emergence of Reassortant H9N9 Virus with Increased Fitness for Poultry and a Zoonotic Potential.Journal of virology · 2022Article
- A Single Vaccination of Chimeric Bivalent Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Confers Protection Against H9N2 and H3N2 Avian Influenza in Commercial Broilers and Allows a Strategy of Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Identification of Hemagglutinin Mutations Caused by Neuraminidase Antibody Pressure.Microbiology spectrum · 2021Article
- Identification of key residues involved in the neuraminidase antigenic variation of H9N2 influenza virus.Emerging microbes & infections · 2021Article
- Assessing the effects of a two-amino acid flexibility in the Hemagglutinin 220-loop receptor-binding domain on the fitness of Influenza A(H9N2) viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2021Article
- SARS-CoV-2 one year on: evidence for ongoing viral adaptation.The Journal of general virology · 2021Review
- PA-X is an avian virulence factor in H9N2 avian influenza virus.The Journal of general virology · 2021Article
- Genetic determinants of receptor-binding preference and zoonotic potential of H9N2 avian influenza viruses.Journal of virology · 2021Article
- Contribution of Segment 3 to the Acquisition of Virulence in Contemporary H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- Immune Escape Adaptive Mutations in the H7N9 Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin Protein Increase Virus Replication Fitness and Decrease Pandemic Potential.Journal of virology · 2020Article
- H9 Influenza Viruses: An Emerging Challenge.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are enzootic in poultry across Asia and North Africa, where they pose a threat to human health as both zoonotic agents and potential pandemic candidates. Poultry vaccination against H9N2 viruses has been employed in many regions; however, vaccine effectiveness is frequently compromised due to antigenic drift arising from amino acid substitutions in the major influenza virus antigen hemagglutinin (HA). Using selection with HA-specific monoclonal antibodies, we previously identified H9N2 antibody escape mutants that contained deletions of amino acids in the 220 loop of the HA receptor binding sites (RBSs). Here we analyzed the impact of these deletions on virus zoonotic infection characteristics and fitness. We demonstrated that mutant viruses with RBS deletions are able to escape polyclonal antiserum binding and are able to infect and be transmitted between chickens. We showed that the deletion mutants have increased binding to human-like receptors and greater replication in primary human airway cells; however, the mutant HAs also displayed reduced pH and thermal stability. In summary, we infer that variant influenza viruses with deletions in the 220 loop could arise in the field due to immune selection pressure; however, due to reduced HA stability, we conclude that these viruses are unlikely to be transmitted from human to human by the airborne route, a prerequisite for pandemic emergence. Our findings underscore the complex interplay between antigenic drift and viral fitness for avian influenza viruses as well as the challenges of predicting which viral variants may pose the greatest threats for zoonotic and pandemic emergence.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.