ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2017
Stress in School. Some Empirical Hints on the Circadian Cortisol Rhythm of Children in Outdoor and Indoor Classes.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effects of forest bathing (shinrin-yoku) on levels of cortisol as a stress biomarker: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of biometeorology · 2019Pooled it
- Immersive Nature-Experiences as Health Promotion Interventions for Healthy, Vulnerable, and Sick Populations? A Systematic Review and Appraisal of Controlled Studies.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Pooled it
- Stress Response and Cognitive Performance Modulation in Classroom versus Natural Environments: A Quasi-Experimental Pilot Study with Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Trial
- Associations between curriculum-based outdoor education and school-aged children's physical activity throughout the week.Health promotion international · 2026Article
- Education outside the classroom in Germany: An interdisciplinary multi-methods Study Protocol.PloS one · 2026Article
- The Role of Timing and Amount of Outdoor Play in Emotional Dysregulation in Preschool Children.Child: care, health and development · 2025Article
- Article
- Spending time in the forest or the field: qualitative semi-structured interviews in a randomized controlled cross-over trial with highly sensitive persons.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- Lessons in a Green School Environment and in the Classroom: Effects on Students' Cognitive Functioning and Affect.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Children's Attentional Processes in Outdoor and Indoor Environments: The Role of Physiological Self-Regulation.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Methodological Considerations for Movement Education Interventions in Natural Environments for Primary School Children: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Impact of Thermal Dissipation on the Lighting Performance and Useful Life of LED Luminaires Applied to Urban Lighting: A Case Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Potential for Outdoor Nature-Based Interventions in the Treatment and Prevention of Depression.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Review
- Dynamics of Erythroferrone Response to Erythropoietin in Rats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Get Outside! Promoting Adolescent Health through Outdoor After-School Activity.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Greenspace Interventions, Stress and Cortisol: A Scoping Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Psychological impacts of "screen time" and "green time" for children and adolescents: A systematic scoping review.PloS one · 2020Article
- Adverse Childhood Experiences: The Protective and Therapeutic Potential of Nature.Frontiers in psychology · 2020Article
- Do Experiences With Nature Promote Learning? Converging Evidence of a Cause-and-Effect Relationship.Frontiers in psychology · 2019Review
- Children's Cortisol and Cell-Free DNA Trajectories in Relation to Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity in School: A Pilot Study.Frontiers in public health · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This prospective longitudinal survey compared the stress levels of students taught using an outdoor curriculum in a forest, with children in a normal school setting. We were especially interested in the effect outdoor teaching might have on the children's normal diurnal cortisol rhythm. 48 children (mean age = 11.23; standard deviation (SD) = 0.46) were enrolled, with 37 in the intervention group (IG), and 11 in the control group (CG). The intervention consisted of one full school day per week in the forest over the school year. Stress levels were measured in cortisol with three samples of saliva per day. Furthermore, the data allowed for statistical control of physical activity (PA) values. For data analysis, we used a linear mixed-effects model (LMM) with random intercept and general correlation matrix for the within-unit residuals. The LMM yields that IG have expected greater decline of cortisol compared to CG; rate 0.069 µg/L vs. 0.0102 µg/L (log-units/2 h),
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.