ReviewViruses2017
Immune Tolerant Chronic Hepatitis B: The Unrecognized Risks.
Review in Viruses, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Clearance of Hepatitis B e Antigen in Untreated Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Targeting ferroptosis induction via nanomaterials in hepatocellular carcinoma: an insight into mechanism and therapeutic potential.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Chronic hepatitis B: Is it time for expanded antiviral treatment?World journal of virology · 2025Review
- Taurochenodeoxycholic acid as a sensitive stratification marker for HBV-associated hepatic cirrhosis status has a hepatoprotective effect.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Mechanisms of hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis development in concurrent steatotic liver disease and chronic hepatitis B.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2025Review
- HBV-related HCC development in mice is STAT3 dependent and indicates an oncogenic effect of HBx.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2024Article
- A New Assessment of Two Transferase-Based Liver Enzymes in Low- and High-Fibrosis Patients Chronically Infected with Hepatitis B Virus: A Meta-Analysis and Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- A non-invasive diagnostic nomogram for CHB-related early cirrhosis: a prospective study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Patients with chronic hepatitis B who have persistently normal alanine aminotransferase or aged < 30 years may exhibit significant histologic damage.BMC gastroenterology · 2024Article
- Is liver biopsy essential to identifying the immune tolerant phase of chronic hepatitis B?Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2023Article
- Efficacy of pegylated interferon α-2b plus entecavir therapy and predictors of treatment success in children with chronic hepatitis B.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Gut microbiota of hepatitis B virus-infected patients in the immune-tolerant and immune-active phases and their implications in metabolite changes.World journal of gastroenterology · 2022Article
- Dysregulation of Liver Regeneration by Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Impact on Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Cancers · 2022Review
- Assessing immunological and virological responses in the liver: Implications for the cure of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2022Review
- Clinical follow-up of patients with HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B infection: A long-term observational study.Hepatology forum · 2022Article
- Simplify access to hepatitis B care.Nature · 2022Article
- [Expert opinion on expanding anti-HBV treatment for chronic hepatitis B].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2022Article
- [Brief introduction of "Treatment algorithm for managing chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: 2021 update"].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2022Article
- [Should both patient's age and family history be necessary as the criteria for initiating treatment of HBeAg-positive or negative patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and normal alanine aminotransferase?]Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2022Article
- Capabilities of hepatitis B surface antigen are divergent from hepatitis B virus DNA in delimiting natural history phases of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) progresses through multiple phases, including immune tolerant, immune active, immune control, and, in a subset of patients who achieve immune control, reactivation. The first, the immune tolerant phase, is considered to be prolonged in duration but essentially benign in nature, lacking long-term consequences, and thus not recommended for antiviral therapy. This review challenges the notion that the immune tolerant phase is truly benign and considers the possibility that events during this phase may contribute significantly to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the premature death of 25% of HBV carriers worldwide. Thus, earlier treatment than recommended by current guidelines should be considered. Low therapeutic coverage exacerbated by restrictive treatment guidelines may facilitate disease progression in many patients but also increase the risk of neonatal and horizontal transmission from untreated mothers to their children. While a prophylactic vaccine exists, there are many areas worldwide where the treatment of adults and the delivery of an effective vaccination course to newborns present difficult challenges.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.