ArticleMolecular microbiology2017
Bile salts and alkaline pH reciprocally modulate the interaction between the periplasmic domains of Vibrio cholerae ToxR and ToxS.
Article in Molecular microbiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Bile-mediated ToxS homodimerization provides a model for ToxRS periplasmic interactions.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Structures ofScience advances · 2026Article
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- Structural Insights into Regulation of Vibrio Virulence Gene Networks.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Article
- Advances in cholera research: from molecular biology to public health initiatives.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Vibrio cholerae RND efflux systems: mediators of stress responses, colonization and pathogenesis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Review
- Intestinal colonization againstAIMS microbiology · 2023Review
- Co-component signal transduction systems: Fast-evolving virulence regulation cassettes discovered in enteric bacteria.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Bile Salts Promote ToxR Regulon Activation during Growth under Virulence-Inducing Conditions.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- Vibrio cholerae TolC Is Required for Expression of the ToxR Regulon.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- Structure of the master regulator Rns reveals an inhibitor of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli virulence regulons.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- PsaF Is a Membrane-Localized pH Sensor That RegulatesJournal of bacteriology · 2021Article
- ToxR Mediates the Antivirulence Activity of Phenyl-Arginine-β-Naphthylamide To Attenuate Vibrio cholerae Virulence.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- σMolecular microbiology · 2021Article
- The periplasmic domains of Vibriocholerae ToxR and ToxS are forming a strong heterodimeric complex independent on the redox state of ToxR cysteines.Molecular microbiology · 2021Article
- On or Off: Life-Changing Decisions Made byInfectious microbes & diseases · 2020Review
- A metabolite binding protein moonlights as a bile-responsive chaperone.The EMBO journal · 2020Article
- The Great ESKAPE: Exploring the Crossroads of Bile and Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Pathogens.Infection and immunity · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
ToxR is a transmembrane transcription factor that is essential for virulence gene expression and human colonization by Vibrio cholerae. ToxR requires its operon partner ToxS, a periplasmic integral membrane protein, for full activity. These two proteins are thought to interact through their respective periplasmic domains, ToxRp and ToxSp. In addition, ToxR is thought to be responsive to various environmental cues, such as bile salts and alkaline pH, but how these factors influence ToxR is not yet understood. Using NMR and reciprocal pull down assays, we present the first direct evidence that ToxR and ToxS physically interact. Furthermore, using NMR and DSF, it was shown that the bile salts cholate and chenodeoxycholate interact with purified ToxRp and destabilize it. Surprisingly, bile salt destabilization of ToxRp enhanced the interaction between ToxRp and ToxSp. In contrast, alkaline pH, which is one of the factors that leads to ToxR proteolysis, decreased the interaction between ToxRp and ToxSp. Taken together, these data suggest a model whereby bile salts or other detergents destabilize ToxR, increasing its interaction with ToxS to promote full ToxR activity. Subsequently, as V. cholerae alkalinizes its environment in late stationary phase, the interaction between the two proteins decreases, allowing ToxR proteolysis to proceed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.