ReviewFrontiers in immunology2017
The Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Genetic Risk Factors Indicate both Acquired and Innate Immune Cell Subsets Contribute to MS Pathogenesis and Identify Novel Therapeutic Opportunities.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 111 citations in OpenAlex.
- EBV reactivation priming of the peripheral immune system in multiple sclerosis relapse.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Genome-wide association analyses highlight the neuronal contribution to multiple sclerosis susceptibility.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Neurodegenerative diseases and immune system: From pathogenic mechanism to therapy.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- CD4Science translational medicine · 2026Article
- Genetic Insights into Circulating Complement Proteins in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Potential Inflammatory Subgroup.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Immature CD10Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from females with multiple sclerosis highlights elevated microglial function and impaired neurogenesis.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Multiple sclerosis pathophysiology: a comprehensive review of genetic, environmental, and immunological drivers.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Review
- Immunogenetics of Multiple Sclerosis in Romanian Patients: Preliminary Data.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Epigenetic and Mitochondrial Metabolic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of Herbal Drug Approaches and Current Clinical Trials.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- A New Perspective on Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis: the Early and Critical Role of Platelets in Neuro/Axonal Loss.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Review
- The Polygenic Nature of Multiple Sclerosis: Genetic Variants, Immunological Modulation, and Environmental Connections.Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2025Review
- GWAS highlights the neuronal contribution to multiple sclerosis susceptibility.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Engineered Immune Constructs Alter Antigen-Specific Immune Tolerance and Confer Durable Protection in Myelin-Driven Autoimmunity.ACS nano · 2024Article
- CD4 T cells restricted to DRB1*15:01 recognize two Epstein-Barr virus glycoproteins capable of intracellular antigen presentation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- CXCL12 Gene Polymorphisms and Serum Levels: Associations with Multiple Sclerosis Prevalence and Clinical Parameters in Lithuania.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Tumefactive demyelinating lesions: A literature review of recent findings.Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia) · 2024Review
- Contribution of CNS and extra-CNS infections to neurodegeneration: a narrative review.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Multiple Sclerosis: New Insights into Molecular Pathogenesis and Novel Platforms for Disease Treatment.Current drug research reviews · 2024Review
- Autoimmune liver disease and multiple sclerosis: state of the art and future perspectives.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is known to be a partially heritable autoimmune disease. The risk of developing MS increases from typically 1 in 1,000 in the normal population to 1 in 4 or so for identical twins where one twin is affected. Much of this heritability is now explained and is due almost entirely to genes affecting the immune response. The largest and first identified genetic risk factor is an allele from the MHC class II HLA-DRB1 gene, HLA-DRB1*15:01, which increases risk about threefold. The HLA-DRB1 gene is expressed in antigen-presenting cells, and its protein functions in presenting particular types of antigen to CD4 T cells. This discovery supported the development of the first successful immunomodulatory therapies: glatiramer acetate, which mimics the antigen presentation process, and interferon beta, which targets CD4 T cell activation. Over 200 genetic risk variants, all single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have now been described. The SNPs are located within, or close to, genes expressed predominantly in acquired and innate immune cell subsets, indicating that both contribute to MS pathogenesis. The risk alleles indicate variation in the regulation of gene expression, rather than protein variation, underpins genetic susceptibility. In this review, we discuss how the expression and function of the risk genes, as well as the effect on these of the risk SNPs, indicate specific acquired immune cell processes that are the target of current successful therapies, and also point to novel therapeutic approaches.
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