SynthesisJournal of epidemiology2017
Infectious diarrheal disease caused by contaminated well water in Chinese schools: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Journal of epidemiology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of psittacosis in outbreaks: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Global prevalence of asymptomatic norovirus infection in outbreaks: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Pooled it
- Epidemiology of Norovirus Outbreaks in Kindergartens, Primary Schools, and Junior High Schools in Xi'an, China, From October 2020 to February 2023.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Genotype Distribution of Sapovirus in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Global challenges (Hoboken, NJ) · 2025Review
- Acute gastroenteritis outbreak linked toIJID regions · 2025Article
- Epidemiological characteristics of infectious disease outbreaks in schools in Zhejiang province, China, from 2013 to 2021.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Epidemic characteristics and effectiveness of vaccine intervention on rotavirus infection: a real-world observational study in Zhejiang Province, China.Frontiers in public health · 2025Observational
- Drinking water services in the primary schools: evidence from coastal areas in Bangladesh.Heliyon · 2022Article
- Coverage of school health monitoring systems in China: a large national cross-sectional survey.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2022Article
- Socio-Economic Inequalities in Access to Drinking Water among Inhabitants of Informal Settlements in South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Epidemiological Trends and Hotspots of Other Infectious DiarrheaFrontiers in public health · 2021Article
- Associations of Residential Greenness with Depression and Anxiety in Rural Chinese Adults.Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) · 2020Article
- A community-wide acute diarrheal disease outbreak associated with drinking contaminated water from shallow bore-wells in a tribal village, India, 2017.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Epidemiological and clinical differences between sexes and pathogens in a three-year surveillance of acute infectious gastroenteritis in Shanghai.Scientific reports · 2019Article
- Age, primary symptoms, and genotype characteristics of norovirus outbreaks in Shanghai schools in 2017.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Article
- The prevalence of non-GII.4 norovirus genotypes in acute gastroenteritis outbreaks in Jinan, China.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn China, waterborne outbreaks of infectious diarrheal disease mainly occur in schools, and contaminated well water is a common source of pathogens. The objective of this review was to present the attack rates, durations of outbreak, pathogens of infectious diarrheal disease, and sanitary conditions of wells in primary and secondary schools in China, and to analyze risk factors and susceptibility of school children.
methodsRelevant articles and reports were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Chinese Field Epidemiology Training Program. Essential information, including urban/rural areas, school types, attack rates, pathogens, durations of outbreak, report intervals, and interventions were extracted from the eligible articles. Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and Spearman correlation test were conducted in statistical analyses. Sex- and age-specific attack rate ratios were calculated as pooled effect sizes.
resultsWe screened 2188 articles and retrieved data of 85 outbreaks from 1987 to 2014. Attack rates of outbreaks in rural areas (median, 12.63 cases/100 persons) and in primary schools (median, 14.54 cases/100 persons) were higher than those in urban areas (median, 5.62 cases/100 persons) and in secondary schools (median, 8.74 cases/100 persons) (P = 0.004 and P = 0.013, respectively). Shigella, pathogenic Escherichia coli, and norovirus were the most common pathogens. Boys tended toward higher attack rates than girls (sex-specific attack rate ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.00-1.29, P = 0.05). Unsanitary conditions of water wells were reported frequently, and unhealthy behavior habits were common in students.
conclusionSchool children were susceptible to waterborne disease in China. Chinese government should make efforts to improve access to safe water in schools. Health education promotion and conscientiousness of school leaders and teachers should be enhanced.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.