ArticleSocial science & medicine (1982)2018
Area racism and birth outcomes among Blacks in the United States.
Article in Social science & medicine (1982), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 68 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- A research agenda for understanding how social inequality is linked to brain structure and function.Nature human behaviour · 2024Pooled it
- Measures of Racism and Discrimination in Preterm Birth Studies.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2023Pooled it
- Area-level racial prejudice and health: A systematic review.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2022Pooled it
- Disparities in Patterns of Preterm and Early Term Second Births Among Non-Hispanic Black and White Mothers.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2026Article
- Public drinking water contaminant estimates for birth cohorts in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- A latent measure of cultural racism and its association with US mortality and life expectancy.Nature human behaviour · 2025Article
- Distributions of Adverse Childbearing Experiences Across Racial and Ethnic Groups: A Research Note.Demography · 2025Article
- Racial/Ethnic Residential Clustering, Experiences with Discrimination, and Self-Rated Health across the Houston Area.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Multidimensional predictors of preterm birth risk among black and white primiparous women in the U.S.: insights from machine learning.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Patients' perspectives about sharing information with providers on social needs during pregnancy: a qualitative study.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Gene Expression Differences Based on Low Total 25(OH)D and Low VDBP Status with a Preterm Birth.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Racialization processes and depressive symptoms among pregnant Mexican-origin immigrant women.American journal of community psychology · 2025Article
- Cultural Heterogeneity in Americans' Definitions of Racism, Sexism, and Classism: Results from a Mixed-Methods Study.AJS; American journal of sociology · 2025Article
- Long-term ambient sulfur dioxide exposure during gestation and preterm birth in North Carolina, 2003-2015.Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994) · 2024Article
- Structural Racism and Health Stratification: Connecting Theory to Measurement.Journal of health and social behavior · 2024Article
- Intimate Partner Homicide Among Women of Childbearing Age: Identifying Multilevel Risk Factors with Machine Learning.AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium · 2024Article
- Factors associated with low birth weight in low-income populations in the Western Balkans: insights from the multiple indicator cluster survey.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Dual pandemics? Assessing associations between area racism, COVID-19 case rates, and mental health among U.S. adults.SSM. Mental health · 2023Article
- The Water Surrounding the Iceberg: Cultural Racism and Health Inequities.The Milbank quarterly · 2023Article
- Disparities by race/ethnicity in unplanned cesarean birth among healthy nulliparas: a secondary analysis of the nuMoM2b dataset.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that racism is a cause of poor health outcomes in the United States, including adverse birth outcomes among Blacks. However, research on the health consequences of racism has faced measurement challenges due to the more subtle nature of contemporary racism, which is not necessarily amenable to assessment through traditionally used survey methods. In this study, we circumvent some of these limitations by examining a previously developed Internet query-based proxy of area racism (Stephens-Davidowitz, 2014) in relation to preterm birth and low birthweight among Blacks. Area racism was measured in 196 designated market areas as the proportion of total Google searches conducted between 2004 and 2007 containing the "n-word." This measure was linked to county-level birth data among Blacks between 2005 and 2008, which were compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics; preterm birth and low birthweight were defined as <37 weeks gestation and <2500 g, respectively. After adjustment for maternal age, Census region, and county-level measures of urbanicity, percent of the Black population, education, and poverty, we found that each standard deviation increase in area racism was associated with relative increases of 5% in the prevalence of preterm birth and 5% in the prevalence of low birthweight among Blacks. Our study provides evidence for the utility of an Internet query-based measure as a proxy for racism at the area-level in epidemiologic studies, and is also suggestive of the role of racism in contributing to poor birth outcomes among Blacks.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.