ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2017
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence and T-Cell Activation in Blood, Rectal, and Lymph Node Tissue in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals Receiving Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expression Profile and Biological Role of Immune Checkpoints in Disease Progression of HIV/SIV Infection.Viruses · 2022Pooled it
- Safety and Immune Responses Following Anti-PD-1 Monoclonal Antibody Infusions in Healthy Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Antiretroviral Therapy.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- The effects of antiretroviral therapy initiation time on HIV reservoir size in Chinese chronically HIV infected patients: a prospective, multi-site cohort study.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Trial
- Targeting PD-1Science advances · 2026Article
- Tools to Quantify and Characterize the Persistent Reservoir in People with HIV-1: Focus on Non-B Subtypes.Viruses · 2026Review
- HIV reservoirs in lymphomagenesis: hidden driver in the era of viral suppression?Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- HIV Infection and Long COVID: A RECOVER Program, Electronic Health Record-Based Cohort Study.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Novel insights into immune checkpoints in HIV/SHIV infection: from SHIVJournal of virology · 2025Article
- Host-directed approaches in the pursuit of a cure for HIV.Antiviral research · 2025Review
- Impact of Switching to Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir Plus Rilpivirine on Rectal HIV-1 RNA Shedding and Implications for Transmission Risk.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Tracking HIV persistence across T cell lineages during early ART-treated HIV-1-infection using a reservoir-marking humanized mouse model.Nature communications · 2025Article
- No associations between HIV reservoir and inflammation in long-term virally suppressed dolutegravir-based ART-treated individuals.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- HIV-1 latency reversal agent boosting is not limited by opioid use.JCI insight · 2024Article
- A gut check: understanding the interplay of the gastrointestinal microbiome and the developing immune system towards the goal of pediatric HIV remission.Retrovirology · 2024Review
- Retinoic acid enhances HIV-1 reverse transcription and transcription in macrophages via mTOR-modulated mechanisms.Cell reports · 2024Article
- Immunologic and Virologic Parameters Associated With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) DNA Reservoir Size in People With HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- HIV-1 latency reversal agent boosting is not limited by opioid use.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Anti-PD-1 chimeric antigen receptor T cells efficiently target SIV-infected CD4+ T cells in germinal centers.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
- Impact of Obefazimod on Viral Persistence, Inflammation, and Immune Activation in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Immune activation and inflammation remain elevated in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) and may contribute to HIV persistence. Methods: Using flow cytometry expression of CD38, HLA-DR and PD-1 were measured in blood (n = 48), lymph node (LN; n = 9), and rectal tissue (n = 17) from virally suppressed individuals. Total and integrated HIV DNA, 2-LTR circles, and cell-associated unspliced HIV RNA were quantified. Results: CD4+ T cells from rectal tissue had a higher frequency of integrated HIV DNA compared with blood (4.26 fold-change in DNA; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.61-7.00; P < .001) and LN (2.32 fold-change in DNA; 95% CI = 1.22-4.41; P = .01). In rectal tissue, there were positive associations between integrated HIV DNA with PD-1+ CD4+ T-cells (1.44 fold-change in integrated HIV DNA per 10-unit increase in PD-1+ CD4+ T cells; 95% CI = 1.01-2.05; P = .045) and CD38+HLA-DR+ CD8+ T cells (1.40 fold-change in integrated HIV DNA per 1-unit increase in CD38+HLA-DR+ CD8+ T cells; 95% CI = 1.05-1.86; P = .02). Both associations were independent of current and nadir CD4+ T-cell counts. Conclusions: During ART, rectal tissue is an important reservoir for HIV persistence with a high frequency of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. PD-1 may represent a marker of HIV persistence in rectal tissue.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.