ArticleAnesthesia and analgesia2017
Tetrodotoxin, Epinephrine, and Chemical Permeation Enhancer Combinations in Peripheral Nerve Blockade.
Article in Anesthesia and analgesia, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extended local anesthesia enabled by flavonoid permeation enhancers.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Application of injectable hydrogels in the central and peripheral nervous system as a unique and flexible platform for neural tissue repair.Materials today. Bio · 2025Review
- Tetrodotoxin Delivery Pen Safely Uses Potent Natural Neurotoxin to Manage Severe Cutaneous Pain.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Tetrodotoxin: The State-of-the-Art Progress in Characterization, Detection, Biosynthesis, and Transport Enrichment.Marine drugs · 2024Review
- Polymeric Prodrugs using Dynamic Covalent Chemistry for Prolonged Local Anesthesia.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2024Article
- Galacturonic acid-capsaicin prodrug for prolonged nociceptive-selective nerve blockade.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2024Article
- An aptamer-based depot system for sustained release of small molecule therapeutics.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Drug Permeability: From the Blood-Brain Barrier to the Peripheral Nerve Barriers.Advanced therapeutics · 2023Article
- Novel Local Anesthetics in Clinical Practice: Pharmacologic Considerations and Potential Roles for the Future.Anesthesiology and pain medicine · 2022Review
- Prolonged Retrobulbar Local Anesthesia of the Cornea Does Not Cause Keratopathy in Mice.Translational vision science & technology · 2022Article
- Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: A Prominent Target of Marine Toxins.Marine drugs · 2021Review
- Adjuvant Drugs for Peripheral Nerve Blocks: The Role of NMDA Antagonists, Neostigmine, Epinephrine, and Sodium Bicarbonate.Anesthesiology and pain medicine · 2021Review
- Ropivacaine-Loaded Poloxamer Binary Hydrogels for Prolonged Regional Anesthesia: Structural Aspects, Biocompatibility, and Pharmacological Evaluation.BioMed research international · 2021Article
- Neural Selective Cryoneurolysis with Ice Slurry Injection in a Rat Model.Anesthesiology · 2020Article
- Polymer-tetrodotoxin conjugates to induce prolonged duration local anesthesia with minimal toxicity.Nature communications · 2019Article
- Transtympanic Delivery of Local Anesthetics for Pain in Acute Otitis Media.Molecular pharmaceutics · 2019Article
- Addressing the Issue of Tetrodotoxin Targeting.Marine drugs · 2018Review
- High-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound and microbubbles enhance nerve blockade.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundChemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) have the potential to improve nerve blockade by site 1 sodium channel blockers such as tetrodotoxin (TTX). Here, we investigated the efficacy and toxicity of CPE-enhanced nerve blockade across a range of TTX concentrations using 2 CPEs (sodium octyl sulfate and octyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). We also tested the hypothesis that CPEs could be used to reduce the concentrations of TTX and/or of a second adjuvant drug (in this case, epinephrine) needed to achieve prolonged local anesthesia
methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were injected at the sciatic nerve with combinations of TTX and CPEs, with and without epinephrine. Sensory and motor nerve blockade were assessed using a modified hot plate test and a weight-bearing test, respectively. Systemic and local toxicities of the different combinations were assessed.
resultsAddition of increasing concentrations of TTX to fixed concentrations of CPEs produced a marked concentration-dependent improvement in the rate of successful nerve blocks and in nerve block duration. CPEs did not affect systemic toxicity. At some concentrations, the addition of sodium octyl sulfate increased the duration of block from TTX plus epinephrine, and epinephrine increased that from TTX plus CPEs. The addition of epinephrine did not cause an increase in local toxicity, and it markedly reduced systemic toxicity.
conclusionsCPEs can prolong the duration of nerve blockade across a range of concentrations of TTX. CPEs could also be used to reduce the concentration of epinephrine needed to achieve a given degree of nerve block. CPEs may be useful in enhancing nerve blockade from site 1 sodium channel blockers.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.