ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2017
Drug use generations and patterns of injection drug use: Birth cohort differences among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, California.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- "You don't have the right resources to let it hurt": How structural vulnerabilities shape opioid withdrawal experiences among a community sample of people who inject drugs in Los Angeles, California.Harm reduction journal · 2025Article
- Mu opioid receptor activation in microglia enhances HIV-1 infection and HIV-infection-induced inflammatory responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Decrease in injection and rise in smoking and snorting of heroin and synthetic opioids, 2000-2021.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Association between non-injection drug use and hepatitis C infection among HIV-negative men who have sex with men.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Context and correlates of providing assistance with someone's first injection in the AIDS linked to the IntraVenous Experience cohort, Baltimore, MD.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2023Article
- A Pilot Study of Polysubstance Use Sequences across the Lifespan among Assiniboine and Sioux People Who Use Injection Drugs.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Application of machine learning algorithms for localized syringe services program policy implementation - Florida, 2017.Annals of medicine · 2022Article
- Hepatitis C virus risk among young people who inject drugs.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- Potency-Enhancing Synthetics in the Drug Overdose Epidemic: Xylazine ("Tranq"), Fentanyl, Methamphetamine, and the Displacement of Heroin in Philadelphia and Tijuana.Journal of illicit economies and development · 2022Article
- The hepatitis C epidemic in Canada: An overview of recent trends in surveillance, injection drug use, harm reduction and treatment.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2021Article
- Motivations for opioid and stimulant use among drug using black sexual minority men: A life course perspective.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Article
- Opioid use and misuse: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions.Psychology & health · 2019Review
- Article
- Hepatitis C transmission in young people who inject drugs: Insights using a dynamic model informed by state public health surveillance.Epidemics · 2019Article
- Rising role of prescription drugs as a portal to injection drug use and associated mortality in Baltimore, Maryland.PloS one · 2019Article
- HIV/HCV Co-infection: Burden of Disease and Care Strategies in Appalachia.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2018Review
- Differences in time to injection onset by drug in California: Implications for the emerging heroin epidemic.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2018Article
- Nonmedical prescription opioids and pathways of drug involvement in the US: Generational differences.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2018Article
- A Review of Factors Associated with Age of First Injection.Journal of psychoactive drugsReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesA robust literature documents generational trends in drug use. We examined the implications of changing national drug use patterns on drug injection histories of diverse people who inject drugs (PWID).
methodsDrug use histories were collected from 776 active PWID in 2011-13. Using descriptive statistics, we examine drug use initiation by year and birth cohort (BC) differences in drug first injected. A multivariate linear regression model of time to injection initiation ([TTII] (year of first injection minus year of first illicit drug use) was developed to explore BC differences.
resultsThe first drug injected by BC changed in tandem with national drug use trends with heroin declining from 77% for the pre-1960's BC to 58% for the 1960's BC before increasing to 71% for the 1990's BC. Multivariate linear regression modeling found that shorter TTII was associated with the 1980's/1990's BC (-3.50 years; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=-0.79, -6.21) as compared to the 1970's BC. Longer TTII was associated with being female (1.65 years; 95% CI=0.40, 2.90), African American (1.69 years; 95% CI=0.43, 2.95), any substance use treatment prior to injection (4.22 years; 95% CI=2.65, 5.79), and prior non-injection use of drug that was first injected (3.29 years; 95% CI=2.19, 4.40).
conclusionNational drug trends appear to influence injection drug use patterns. The prescription opiate drug era is associated with shorter TTII. Culturally competent, demographically and generationally-targeted prevention strategies to combat transitions to drug injection are needed to prevent or shorten upstream increases in risky drug use practices on a national level.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.