ArticlePloS one2017
Outdoor activity and myopia progression in 4-year follow-up of Chinese primary school children: The Beijing Children Eye Study.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 100 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exposure-response association between outdoor activity time and myopia risk in Chinese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2026Pooled it
- Light Therapy for Myopia Prevention and Control: A Systematic Review on Effectiveness, Safety, and Implementation.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Pooled it
- Myopia and Near Work: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Near-work activity duration and myopia in children: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Biomedical reports · 2026Article
- Individual and School-Level Factors Associated with Pediatric Eye Disorders and Referral Adherence in an Enhanced School-Based Vision Screening Program in Ghana.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Individual and school-level factors associated with suspected pediatric eye disorders and referral adherence in an enhanced school-based vision screening program in Ghana.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Objective pulse wave amplitude as a potential systemic correlate in childhood myopia: a digital TCM-based study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Protecting children's vision is a systematic project-a cross-sectional survey on myopia among preschool children in Shantou, China.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Role of various types of outdoor activities for school-aged children myopia in Fengyang County, Chuzhou City: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Factors protecting against progression of myopia in school students exposed to societal change in Vietnam: a 3-year cohort study.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Eye Movement Variations in Indoor, Outdoor, and Reading Scenarios and Their Implications for Myopia.Journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Analysis of refractive development characteristics in school-age children based on biometric measurements: a cross-sectional study involving 12,025 primary school students from Xingtai City.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Risk factors for ocular biological parameters in Chinese preschool children: a cohort study from the Beijing whole childhood eye study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- The Myopia Prevalence and Association With Physical Activity Among Primary School Students Aged 6-12 Years: A Cross-Sectional Study in Tianjin, China.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Article
- Bi-Gaussian analysis reveals distinct education-related alterations in spherical equivalent and axial length-results from the Gutenberg Health Study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Prevalence of refractive errors among school-going children in a multistate study in India.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2023Article
- Changes in Refractive Error During Young Adulthood: The Effects of Longitudinal Screen Time, Ocular Sun Exposure, and Genetic Predisposition.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- Influence of secondhand smoke exposure on the retinal vasculature of children in Hong Kong.Communications medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo investigate factors associated with ocular axial elongation and myopia progression during a 4-year follow-up in primary school children in Beijing.
methodsThis school-based study included 382 grade-1 children at baseline in 2011 (age:6.3±0.4 years) with 305 (79.8%) returning for the follow-up examination in 2015. At baseline and in yearly follow-up examinations, the children underwent a comprehensive eye examination including auto-refractometry, ocular biometry with measurement of axial length, and fundus photography. The parents underwent a standardized interview.
resultsDuring the study period, the mean axial length elongated by 1.15±0.56mm in boys and 1.10±0.63mm in girls. At baseline and at the end of follow-up, axial length was significantly (P<0.001) longer in boys, with no difference (P = 0.50) between genders in axial elongation. In multivariate analysis, greater axial elongation was associated (regression coefficient r2:0.15) with less time spent outdoors (P = 0.004; standardized coefficient beta: -0.22), more time spent indoors with studying (P = 0.02; beta: 0.18) and paternal myopia (P = 0.03; beta: 0.16). Larger increases in the axial length/anterior corneal curvature (AL/CC) ratio were associated (r2:0.09) with less time spent outdoors (PP = 0.003; beta: -0.22) and maternal myopia (PP = 0.02; beta: 0.18).
conclusionsMyopic axial elongation during a 4-year follow-up was associated with shorter time spent outdoors and longer time spent indoors studying and with parental myopia. Other factors such as level of paternal education, family income, gender and region of habitation were significantly associated with axial elongation and with myopia progression only in univariate analysis.
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