ArticlePsychological medicine2017
Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 94 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interaction between early-life stress and FKBP5 gene variants in major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of affective disorders · 2018Pooled it
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- Childhood Emotional Abuse and Short-Term Stress Continuity Among University Students: The Role of General Music Preference.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Associations Between Traumatic Event Exposure and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese University Freshmen: A Conditional Process Analysis of Interpersonal Difficulties and Only-Child Status.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Impact of Childhood Family Conflict on Adolescents' Startle Reactivity to Threat: The Moderating Role of Sensory Processing Sensitivity.Journal of adolescence · 2026Article
- Novel anxiolytic-antidepressant combinations TF-1 and TF-2 and their intervention mechanisms in a mouse model of comorbid anxiety and depression (CAD).Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Sex, early life adversity, and negative self-evaluation shape the association between negative life events and depressive symptoms in adolescence.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Interactions of chronic stress exposure and stress appraisal on vascular endothelial function among young adults.Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) · 2025Article
- The association between recent stressful life events and brain structure: a UK Biobank longitudinal MRI study.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025Article
- Impact of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, childhood adversities and stressful life events on depressive and anxiety symptoms: insights from the UK Biobank.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Synopsis of Current Trends in Behavioral Neuroscience Volume __.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2025Article
- Integration of positive environmental factors and differentiation of parental figures in social exposome research.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Social activity as a mediator between childhood adversity and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older Chinese adults.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Adverse Childhood Experience, Parental Bonding, and Fatherhood as Parenting Vulnerabilities to Social Anxiety Severity.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2024Article
- Childhood unpredictability is associated with increased risk for long- and short-term depression and anhedonia symptoms following combat deployment.Journal of mood and anxiety disorders · 2024Article
- Validity of mental and physical stress models.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2024Review
- Early childhood deprivation and the impact of negative life events on mental health in later life: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Article
- Associations among maternal lifetime trauma, psychological symptoms in pregnancy, and infant stress reactivity and regulation.Development and psychopathology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe stress sensitization theory hypothesizes that individuals exposed to childhood adversity will be more vulnerable to mental disorders from proximal stressors. We aimed to test this theory with respect to risk of 30-day major depressive episode (MDE) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) among new US Army soldiers.
methodsThe sample consisted of 30 436 new soldier recruits in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience (Army STARRS). Generalized linear models were constructed, and additive interactions between childhood maltreatment profiles and level of 12-month stressful experiences on the risk of 30-day MDE and GAD were analyzed.
resultsStress sensitization was observed in models of past 30-day MDE (χ2 8 = 17.6, p = 0.025) and GAD (χ2 8 = 26.8, p = 0.001). This sensitization only occurred at high (3+) levels of reported 12-month stressful experiences. In pairwise comparisons for the risk of 30-day MDE, the risk difference between 3+ stressful experiences and no stressful experiences was significantly greater for all maltreatment profiles relative to No Maltreatment. Similar results were found with the risk for 30-day GAD with the exception of the risk difference for Episodic Emotional and Sexual Abuse, which did not differ statistically from No Maltreatment.
conclusionsNew soldiers are at an increased risk of 30-day MDE or GAD following recent stressful experiences if they were exposed to childhood maltreatment. Particularly in the military with an abundance of unique stressors, attempts to identify this population and improve stress management may be useful in the effort to reduce the risk of mental disorders.
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