ArticleInternational journal of obesity (2005)2017
Timeline of changes in appetite during weight loss with a ketogenic diet.
Article in International journal of obesity (2005), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01834859 (How to Optimize Weight Loss Maintenance After a Very-low Calorie Diet?), which is not on this map. Cited by 51 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
How to Optimize Weight Loss Maintenance After a Very-low Calorie Diet?
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 105 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differences in gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings between individuals with and without obesity-A systematic review and meta-analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2023Pooled it
- Low carbohydrate ketogenic diets reduce cardiovascular risk factor levels in obese or overweight patients with T2DM: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Do Lower-Carbohydrate Diets Increase Total Energy Expenditure? An Updated and Reanalyzed Meta-Analysis of 29 Controlled-Feeding Studies.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Adaptive thermogenesis, at the level of resting energy expenditure, after diet alone or diet plus bariatric surgery.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2024Trial
- Relationship between Ketones, Ghrelin, and, Appetite on Isocaloric Diets with Varying Carbohydrate Quality and Amount: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial in People with Obesity (CARBFUNC).The Journal of nutrition · 2023Trial
- The effect of periodic ketogenic diet on newly diagnosed overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes.BMC endocrine disorders · 2022Trial
- Does a Higher Protein Diet Promote Satiety and Weight Loss Independent of Carbohydrate Content? An 8-Week Low-Energy Diet (LED) Intervention.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Weight Loss, but Not Dairy Composition of Diet, Moderately Affects Satiety and Postprandial Gut Hormone Patterns in Adults.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Trial
- Investigating the effect of sex and ketosis on weight-loss-induced changes in appetite.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Trial
- The ketogenic diet is not for everyone: contraindications, side effects, and drug interactions.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Ketogenic Diet Extinguishes Firing at the Synapses.Epilepsy currents · 2026Article
- Defining a ketone threshold for weight loss: evidence from 14 day daily β-hydroxybutyrate monitoring in 217 subjects on a ketogenic diet.Nutrition & diabetes · 2026Article
- Optimizing Bariatric Surgery Outcomes: The Dual Benefits of Preoperative Very-Low-Calorie Diets.Obesity surgery · 2025Observational
- Review
- Review
- Hedonic hunger and eating behavior after low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diets in females with lipedema and obesity.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Effects of a 12 Week Ketogenic Diet Intervention on Obese and Overweight Females with Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disturbance.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Satiety Hormone LEAP2 After Low-Calorie Diet With/Without Endobarrier Insertion in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024Article
- Beneficial Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD/MAFLD).Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectiveDiet-induced weight loss (WL) leads to increased hunger and reduced fullness feelings, increased ghrelin and reduced satiety peptides concentration (glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY)). Ketogenic diets seem to minimise or supress some of these responses. The aim of this study was to determine the timeline over which changes in appetite occur during progressive WL with a ketogenic very-low-energy diet (VLED). SUBJECTS/
methodsThirty-one sedentary adults (18 men), with obesity (body mass index: 37±4.5 kg m
resultsA significant increase in fasting hunger was observed by day 3 (2±1% WL), (P<0.01), 5% WL (12±8 days) (P<0.05) and wk 13 (17±2% WL) (P<0.05). Increased desire to eat was observed by day 3 (P<0.01) and 5% WL (P<0.05). Postprandial prospective food consumption was significantly reduced at wk 9 (16±2% WL) (P<0.01). Basal total PYY was significantly reduced at 10% WL (32±8 days) (P<0.05). Postprandial active GLP-1 was increased at 5% WL (P<0.01) and CCK reduced at 5 and 10% WL (P<0.01, for both) and wk 9 (P<0.001). Basal and postprandial AG were significantly increased at wk 13 (P<0.001, both).
conclusionsWL with a ketogenic VLED transiently increases the drive to eat up to 3 weeks (5% WL). After that, and while participants are ketotic, a 10-17% WL is not associated with increased appetite. However, hunger feelings and AG concentrations increase significantly from baseline, once refeeding occurs.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.