ArticleEpidemiology and infection2017
Racial inequality in the annual risk of Tuberculosis infection in the United States, 1910-1933.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- The impact of historical redlining policies on community composition and the COVID-19 pandemic in Boston.PloS one · 2025Article
- How the Struggle for Public Health in the Jim Crow South Reflected and Reinforced Systemic Racial Health Inequality.Du Bois review : social science research on race · 2025Article
- Racial residential segregation and child mortality in the southern United States at the turn of the 20th century.Population, space and place · 2023Article
- Operationalizing racialized exposures in historical research on anti-Asian racism and health: a comparison of two methods.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- Racial Inequality in the Prime of Life: Infectious Disease Mortality in U.S. Cities, 1906-1933.Social science history · 2023Article
- Historical Perspective of Pediatric Health Disparities in Infectious Diseases: Centuries in the Making.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2022Article
- Regional and Racial Inequality in Infectious Disease Mortality in U.S. Cities, 1900-1948.Demography · 2019Article
- Contemporary Social Disparities in TB Infection and Disease in the USA: a Review.Current epidemiology reports · 2018Article
- Tuberculosis during pregnancy in the United States: Racial/ethnic disparities in pregnancy complications and in-hospital death.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) mortality rates in the USA fell rapidly from 1910 to 1933. However, during this period, racial disparities in TB mortality in the nation's expanding cities grew. Because of long delays between infection and disease, TB mortality is a poor indicator of short-term changes in transmission. We estimated the annual risk of TB infection (ARTI) in 11 large US cities to understand whether rising inequality in mortality reflected rising inequality in ARTI using city-level TB mortality data compiled by the US Department of Commerce from 1910 to 1933. We estimated ARTI for African-Americans and whites using pediatric extrapulmonary TB mortality data for African-Americans and whites in our panel of cities. We also estimated age-adjusted pulmonary TB mortality rates for these cities. We find that the ratio of ARTI for African-Americans vs. whites increased from 2·1 (95% CI = 1·7, 2·4) in 1910 to 4·2 (95% CI = 3·4, 5·2) in 1933. This change mirrored the increasing inequality in age-adjusted pulmonary TB mortality during this period. These findings may reflect the combined effects of migration, inequality in access to care, increasing population density, and racial residential segregation in northern cities during this period.
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