ArticleThe American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry2017
Effects of Sex and Education on Cognitive Change Over a 27-Year Period in Older Adults: The Rancho Bernardo Study.
Article in The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed.
- Carnosine supplementation improves cognitive outcomes in younger participants of the NEAT trial.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Trial
- A randomized controlled trial examining the effects of behavioral weight loss treatment on hippocampal volume and neurocognition.Physiology & behavior · 2023Trial
- APOE, Aβ42, and tau differentially impact cognitive decline in Sporadic, GBA1 and LRRK2 Parkinson's disease.NPJ Parkinson's disease · 2026Article
- Gaps in Population Life Course Phenotype Trajectories Underlying Major Noncommunicable Diseases: A Scoping Review.International journal of population data science · 2026Article
- A Follow-up Study on the Trajectory and Sex Differences of Different Cognitive Dimensions in the Normal Aging Elderly in Guangzhou.Alpha psychiatry · 2025Article
- Gender differences in the association between education and late-life cognitive function in the LifeAfter90 Study: A multiethnic cohort of the oldest-old.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Multimorbidity, Social Engagement, and Age-Related Cognitive Decline in Older Adults from the Rancho Bernardo Study of Healthy Aging.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Article
- Digital neuropsychological measures by defense automated neurocognitive assessment: reference values and clinical correlates.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- The Longitudinal Association of Egg Consumption with Cognitive Function in Older Men and Women: The Rancho Bernardo Study.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Northern Ireland Cohort for the Longitudinal Study of Ageing (NICOLA): health assessment protocol, participant profile and patterns of participation.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Multimorbid Patterns and Cognitive Performance in the Presence of Informative Dropout Among Community-Dwelling Taiwanese Older Adults.Innovation in aging · 2023Article
- The Mediating Roles of Neurobiomarkers in the Relationship Between Education and Late-Life Cognition.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2023Article
- Functional Constipation is Associated with a Decline in Word Recognition 2 Years Later in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study.Annals of geriatric medicine and research · 2022Article
- Gradient and Acceleration of Decline in Physical and Cognitive Functions in Older Adults: A Disparity Analysis.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2022Article
- Sex-Specific Causes and Consequences of White Matter Damage in a Middle-Aged Cohort.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- Early strong predictors of decline in instrumental activities of daily living in community-dwelling older Japanese people.PloS one · 2022Article
- The Relative Importance of Vascular Risk Factors on Early Cognitive Aging Varies Only Slightly Between Men and Women.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Article
- Personality Change Profiles and Changes in Cognition Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults.Journal of research in personality · 2021Article
- Dual impairments in visual and hearing acuity and age-related cognitive decline in older adults from the Rancho Bernardo Study of Healthy Aging.Age and ageing · 2021Article
- Sex differences and the role of education in cognitive ageing: analysis of two UK-based prospective cohort studies.The Lancet. Public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThis study investigated how cognitive function changes with age and whether rates of decline vary by sex or education in a large, homogenous longitudinal cohort characterized by high participation rates, long duration of follow-up, and minimal loss to follow-up. DESIGN/SETTING/
participantsBetween 1988 and 2016, 2,225 community-dwelling participants of the Rancho Bernardo Study, aged 31 to 99 years at their initial cognitive assessment, completed neuropsychological testing approximately every 4 years, over a maximum 27-year follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: Linear mixed effects regression models defined sex-specific cognitive trajectories, adjusting for education and retest effects.
resultsSignificant decline across all cognitive domains began around age 65 years and accelerated after age 80 years. Patterns of decline were generally similar between sexes, although men declined more rapidly than women on the global function test. Higher education was associated with slower decline on the tests of executive and global functions. After excluding 517 participants with evidence of cognitive impairment, accelerating decline with age remained for all tests, and women declined more rapidly than men on the executive function test.
conclusionsAccelerating decline with advancing age occurs across multiple cognitive domains in community-dwelling older adults, with few differences in rates of decline between men and women. Higher education may provide some protection against executive and global function decline with age. These findings better characterize normal cognitive aging, a critical prerequisite for identifying individuals at risk for cognitive impairment, and lay the groundwork for future studies of health and behavioral factors that affect age-related decline in this cohort.
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