ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2017
Enhanced Tearing by Electrical Stimulation of the Anterior Ethmoid Nerve.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Efficacy of Electrical Auricular Transcutaneous Stimulation for Dry Eye: A Sham-Controlled, Randomized Trial.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2025Trial
- Randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled trial of efficacy and safety of quantum molecular resonance for treating meibomian gland dysfunction.Eye (London, England) · 2025Trial
- Matching-adjusted indirect comparison of phase 3 clinical trial outcomes of OC-01 (varenicline solution) nasal spray and lifitegrast 5% ophthalmic solution for the treatment of dry eye disease.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2023Trial
- Review
- Ocular complications in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.Reumatologia · 2026Review
- Electrotherapy in the management of neuropathic corneal pain: narrative review.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Cyclic extranasal neurostimulation for dry eye disease: a 4-week stimulation and 6-week intermission regimen based on neural adaptation dynamics.Eye and vision (London, England) · 2025Article
- A gatekeeper sympathetic control of lacrimal tear secretion and dry eye onset through the NA-Adra1a-Ucp2 pathway.Nature communications · 2025Article
- How Eyelid Changes May Impact on Tears.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Efficacy and Safety of Quantum Molecular Resonance Electrotherapy in Patients with Aqueous-Deficient, Evaporative and Mixed-Type Dry Eye: A Randomized Interventional Study.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Article
- Inflammation mechanism and anti-inflammatory therapy of dry eye.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Effectiveness of Intranasal Tear Neurostimulation for Treatment of Dry Eye Disease: A Meta-Analysis.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2023Article
- Corneal Neuro-Regenerative Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation in Rabbit Lamellar Keratectomy Model.Translational vision science & technology · 2022Article
- OC-01 (Varenicline Solution) Nasal Spray Demonstrates Consistency of Effect Regardless of Age, Race, Ethnicity, and Artificial Tear Use.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2022Article
- Stimulating Tear Production: Spotlight on Neurostimulation.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Review
- Intense pulsed light for the treatment of Meibomian gland dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2020Article
- Optical Quality and Tear Film Analysis Before and After Intranasal Stimulation in Patients with Dry Eye Syndrome.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2020Article
- Chronic Electrical Stimulation for Tear Secretion: Lacrimal vs. anterior ethmoid nerve.The ocular surface · 2019Article
- A comparative study of the quality of non-stimulated and stimulated tears in normal eye male subjects using the tear ferning test.Clinical optometry · 2019Article
- [Novel current and future therapy options for treatment of dry eye disease].Der Ophthalmologe : Zeitschrift der Deutschen Ophthalmologischen Gesellschaft · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Purpose: Electrical neurostimulation enhances tear secretion, and can be applied to treatment of dry eye disease. Using a chronic implant, we evaluate the effects of stimulating the anterior ethmoid nerve on the aqueous, lipid, and protein content of secreted tears. Methods: Neurostimulators were implanted beneath the nasal mucosa in 13 New Zealand white rabbits. Stimulations (2.3-2.8 mA pulses of 75-875 μs in duration repeated at 30-100 Hz for 3 minutes) were performed daily, for 3 weeks to measure changes in tear volume (Schirmer test), osmolarity (TearLab osmometer), lipid (Oil-Red-O staining), and protein (BCA assay, mass spectrometry). Results: Stimulation of the anterior ethmoid nerve in the frequency range of 30 to 90 Hz increased tear volume by 92% to 133% (P ≤ 0.01). Modulating the treatment with 50% duty cycle (3 seconds of stimulation repeated every 6 seconds) increased tear secretion an additional 23% above continuous stimulation (P ≤ 0.01). Tear secretion returned to baseline levels within 7 minutes after stimulation ended. Tear film osmolarity decreased by 7 mOsmol/L, tear lipid increased by 24% to 36% and protein concentration increased by 48% (P ≤ 0.05). Relative abundance of the lacrimal gland proteins remained the same, while several serum and corneal proteins decreased with stimulation (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Electrical stimulation of the anterior ethmoid nerve increased aqueous tear volume, reduced tear osmolarity, added lipid, and increased the concentration of normal tear proteins. Human studies with an intranasal stimulator should verify these effects in patients with aqueous- and lipid-deficient forms of dry eye disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.