ArticleScientific reports2017
Enhancing protective immunity to malaria with a highly immunogenic virus-like particle vaccine.
Article in Scientific reports, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 168 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
168 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review on malaria and dengue vaccines for the effective management of these mosquito borne diseases: Improving public health.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Pooled it
- Antibody fine specificity correlates with protection from malaria for the RTS,S vaccine in young African children: A post hoc analysis of a phase IIb randomised controlled trial.PLoS medicine · 2026Trial
- Safety and efficacy of malaria vaccine candidate R21/Matrix-M in African children: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2024Trial
- Randomized clinical trial to assess the protective efficacy of a Plasmodium vivax CS synthetic vaccine.Nature communications · 2022Trial
- Efficacy of a low-dose candidate malaria vaccine, R21 in adjuvant Matrix-M, with seasonal administration to children in Burkina Faso: a randomised controlled trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2021Trial
- Efficacy and Response of R21/Matrix-M in Malaria Vaccine: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.Vaccines · 2026Review
- BCG enables protection against malaria through adjuvanting an adenovirus-vectored vaccine.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Determinants of caregivers' acceptance of the malaria vaccine: The case of Bamenda and Bamenda III Health Districts in Cameroon.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2026Article
- Mannosylated nanoparticle immunogens enhance the circumsporozoite protein-specific B cell response and improve protection against sporozoite challenge.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Protective immunity against malaria by a nanoparticle CIS43-based junctional vaccine alone or in combination with R21.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Recent Advances, Bottlenecks, and Future Directions inVaccines · 2026Review
- Extreme Genetic Diversity and Signatures of Balancing Selection in Plasmodium vivax Blood-Stage Antigens.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Plant-produced monoclonal antibodies recognize the native circumsporozoite protein onBiotechnology reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- A Plasmodium-derived nanoparticle vaccine elicits sterile protection against malaria in mice.Nature microbiology · 2026Article
- Bivalent virus-like particles expressing SPECT1 and CSP trigger pre-erythrocytic malaria immunity and protect against transgenicFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Engineering strategies and decision frameworks for virus-like particle-based vaccines against infectious diseases.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Population HLA coverage of experimentally characterizedFrontiers in bioinformatics · 2026Article
- B and T cell responses to pre-erythrocytic R21/Matrix-M and blood-stage RH5.1/Matrix-M malaria vaccines in endemic settings.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Machine learning enables de novo multiepitope design ofProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Advances in population-based interventions to control falciparum malaria.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2025Review
108 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The leading malaria vaccine in development is the circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-based particle vaccine, RTS,S, which targets the pre-erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum infection. It induces modest levels of protective efficacy, thought to be mediated primarily by CSP-specific antibodies. We aimed to enhance vaccine efficacy by generating a more immunogenic CSP-based particle vaccine and therefore developed a next-generation RTS,S-like vaccine, called R21. The major improvement is that in contrast to RTS,S, R21 particles are formed from a single CSP-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) fusion protein, and this leads to a vaccine composed of a much higher proportion of CSP than in RTS,S. We demonstrate that in BALB/c mice R21 is immunogenic at very low doses and when administered with the adjuvants Abisco-100 and Matrix-M it elicits sterile protection against transgenic sporozoite challenge. Concurrent induction of potent cellular and humoral immune responses was also achieved by combining R21 with TRAP-based viral vectors and protective efficacy was significantly enhanced. In addition, in contrast to RTS,S, only a minimal antibody response to the HBsAg carrier was induced. These studies identify an anti-sporozoite vaccine component that may improve upon the current leading malaria vaccine RTS,S. R21 is now under evaluation in Phase 1/2a clinical trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.