ReviewToxins2017
Antivenom for Neuromuscular Paralysis Resulting From Snake Envenoming.
Review in Toxins, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multidimensional toxicity of snake venom causes multi-organ damage and treatment challenges: a narrative review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- A Paradigm Shift in Snakebite Envenoming Therapy: From Conventional Antivenoms to Rationally Designed, Broadly Neutralizing Combination Therapies.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Review
- Article
- Neurotoxicity of Sri Lankan Krait (Toxins · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Article
- The Venom ofVeterinary sciences · 2024Article
- Neutralizing Nanobodies against Venoms fromToxins · 2024Article
- Hump-Nosed Pit Viper (Cells · 2024Article
- Article
- Exploring the mechanism of cytisine in treating respiratory depression following venomous snake bites based on network pharmacology and molecular docking.American journal of translational research · 2024Article
- The Chinese guideline for management of snakebites.World journal of emergency medicine · 2024Article
- Clinical Risk Factors Associated with Poor Outcomes in Snake Envenoming: A Narrative Review.Toxins · 2023Review
- Review
- Neurologic and hematologic sequalae following a timber rattlesnakeToxicon: X · 2023Article
- Review
- Neurotoxins Acting at Synaptic Sites: A Brief Review on Mechanisms and Clinical Applications.Toxins · 2022Review
- The Effect of Australian and Asian Commercial Antivenoms in Reversing the Post-Synaptic Neurotoxicity ofToxins · 2022Article
- Managing snakebite.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antivenom therapy is currently the standard practice for treating neuromuscular dysfunction in snake envenoming. We reviewed the clinical and experimental evidence-base for the efficacy and effectiveness of antivenom in snakebite neurotoxicity. The main site of snake neurotoxins is the neuromuscular junction, and the majority are either: (1) pre-synaptic neurotoxins irreversibly damaging the presynaptic terminal; or (2) post-synaptic neurotoxins that bind to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Pre-clinical tests of antivenom efficacy for neurotoxicity include rodent lethality tests, which are problematic, and in vitro pharmacological tests such as nerve-muscle preparation studies, that appear to provide more clinically meaningful information. We searched MEDLINE (from 1946) and EMBASE (from 1947) until March 2017 for clinical studies. The search yielded no randomised placebo-controlled trials of antivenom for neuromuscular dysfunction. There were several randomised and non-randomised comparative trials that compared two or more doses of the same or different antivenom, and numerous cohort studies and case reports. The majority of studies available had deficiencies including poor case definition, poor study design, small sample size or no objective measures of paralysis. A number of studies demonstrated the efficacy of antivenom in human envenoming by clearing circulating venom. Studies of snakes with primarily pre-synaptic neurotoxins, such as kraits (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.