ArticleBMC musculoskeletal disorders2017
Distribution and symmetrical patellofemoral pain patterns as revealed by high-resolution 3D body mapping: a cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 48 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the Pain in Patellofemoral Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Examining Signs of Central Sensitization.Journal of athletic training · 2021Pooled it
- From Paper to Digital Applications of the Pain Drawing: Systematic Review of Methodological Milestones.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2019Pooled it
- Summary and Analysis of Digital Pain Manikin Data in Adults With Pain Experience: Scoping Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Mirror-Image Pain Update: Complex Interactions Between Central and Peripheral Mechanisms.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Review
- Synovium is a sensitive tissue for mapping the negative effects of systemic iron overload in osteoarthritis: identification and validation of two potential targets.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Development and validation of cuproptosis-related genes in synovitis during osteoarthritis progress.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- A Novel Measure of Pain Location in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease.Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses · 2022Article
- Digital body mapping of pain quality and distribution in athletes with longstanding groin pain.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Acute Effects of a Brief Physical Exercise Intervention on Somatosensory Perception, Lumbar Strength, and Flexibility in Patients with Nonspecific Chronic Low-Back Pain.Journal of pain research · 2021Article
- Digital Pain Mapping and Tracking in Patients With Chronic Pain: Longitudinal Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2020Article
- Modifiable motion graphics for capturing sensations.PloS one · 2020Article
- Practical Use of the Navigate Pain Application for the Assessment of the Area, Location, and Frequency of the Pain Location in Young Soccer Goalkeepers.Journal of human kinetics · 2019Article
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- Distinct patterns of variation in the distribution of knee pain.Scientific reports · 2018Article
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDetailed pain mapping of extent and distribution in individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP) within and around a complex structure such as the knee has yet to be explored.
methodsPerceptions of on-going pain from adolescents and young adults (N = 35) with long-standing (>10 months) PFP were collected on high-resolution 3D digital body-schema of the knees. Location, area of pain, pain intensity, laterality, worse side of knee pain, symptom duration, and symmetry in bilateral knee pain were recorded. A threshold for naturally occurring variations in symmetrical knee pain drawings were collected from 18 healthy controls and used in combination with the development a symmetry index (0-1) to create a fuzzy rule for classifying symmetrical and non-symmetrical PFP patterns as compared to a PFP expert. The symmetry index was computed and tested using a correlation coefficient alone or in combination with the Jaccard index and the true and false positive rates (TPR and FPR, respectively) determined.
resultsThe peripatellar region was the common report of pain location however, novel and nonconforming PFP patterns were identified and the majority of individuals (22 of 27) with bilateral PFP expressed highly-symmetric mirror-image pain. Individuals with symptom duration of 5 years or more had a greater area of pain, compared to those with symptoms for less than 5 years. The total area of pain was correlated to symptom duration for those with extended symptoms durations and a progression towards an "O" shaped pattern emerged. A TPR of 100% for identifying symmetrical knee pain patterns was found however the expert PFP tended to be stricter, as reflected in FPR of 20%.
conclusionsA high proportion of PFP patterns or symptoms occur in mirrored locations and are exceptionally symmetrical, and long duration of symptoms appear to converge to an 'O' shape. Classifying symmetrical pain patterns is subjective however simple fuzzy rules and correlations can be used to increase objectivity. This study highlights a gap in knowledge of PFP symptom presentation, reveals what may be a natural progression of symptoms, and provides valuable clinical insight for both pain management and treatment.
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