ArticlePloS one2017
Household crowding as a potential mediator of socioeconomic determinants of tuberculosis incidence in Brazil.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spatiotemporal Patterns and Socioeconomic Determinants of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Piauí, Northeast Brazil, 2001-2024.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2026Article
- Healthcare system preparedness as a mediating factor in climate-driven tuberculosis outcomes: an ecological study.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Projecting tuberculosis control progress in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas of Brazil, 2001-2035: a Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2025Article
- Epidemiological, Socioeconomic, and Health Service Factors Associated with Tuberculosis Treatment Interruption in Brazil.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- County-Level Factors Associated with Reversal of Insurer-Approved HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Prescriptions in the United States, 2018.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Household Sanitation and Crowding Status in Addis Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Addis-HDSS) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Ethiopian journal of health sciences · 2024Article
- Cash transfers to enhance completion of TB screening among household contacts in rural Tanzania.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2024Article
- Controlling the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malawi: Results from a multi-round study.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Non-diphtheriae Corynebacterium species are associated with decreased risk of pneumococcal colonization during infancy.The ISME journal · 2022Article
- [Tuberculosis and diabetes comorbidity in Brazil, 2012-2018: exploratory spatial data analysis and statistical modelingLa comorbilidad tuberculosis-diabetes en Brasil, 2012-2018: análisis exploratorio de la distribución espacial y modelización estadística].Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Impact of Protracted Displacement on Delay in the Diagnosis Associated with Treatment Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study in Internally Displaced Tuberculosis Patients of Pakistan.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Survival and predictors of death in tuberculosis/HIV coinfection cases in Porto Alegre, Brazil: A historical cohort from 2009 to 2013.PLOS global public health · 2021Article
- Household Overcrowding in Iran, a Low-middle-income Country: How Major of a Public Health Concern Is It?Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2021Article
- Article
- Social determinants of pulmonary tuberculosis in Brazil: an ecological study.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2019Article
- Socioeconomic Vulnerability and Sexually Transmitted Infection Among Pregnant Haitian Women.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2018Article
- Identifying socioeconomic, epidemiological and operational scenarios for tuberculosis control in Brazil: an ecological study.BMJ open · 2018Article
- Offer of primary care services and detection of tuberculosis incidence in Brazil.Revista de saude publica · 2018Article
- Efficacy of Vitamin D supplementation in achieving an early Sputum Conversion in Smear positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis.Pakistan journal of medical sciencesArticle
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
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Abstract
Although many studies have identified social conditions associated with tuberculosis, contextual and individual factors have rarely been analysed simultaneously. Consequently, we aimed to identify contextual and individual factors associated with tuberculosis incidence in general population in Brazil in 2010. We also assessed whether household crowding mediates the association between socioeconomic determinants and tuberculosis incidence. Individual data of tuberculosis cases were obtained from 5,565 municipalities in Brazil in 2010 (last year of national census), and merged with contextual variables. The associations were evaluated in a multilevel analysis using negative binomial regression. After adjusting for individual factors (age, sex and race) and geographic region, the following contextual factors were associated with tuberculosis incidence rate: AIDS incidence rate [incidence rate ratio (IRR), 1.21; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18-1.24], unemployment rate (IRR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.13-1.19), Gini coefficient (IRR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.08), proportion of inmates (IRR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.09-1.14), mean per capita household income (IRR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.97) and primary care coverage (IRR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.92-0.96). Inclusion of household crowding in the multivariate model led to a loss of the associations of both Gini coefficient and mean per capita household income. In conclusion, our findings suggest that income inequality and poverty, as determinants of tuberculosis incidence, can be mediated by household crowding. Moreover, prison population can represent a potential social reservoir of tuberculosis in Brazil and should be addressed as a priority for disease control. Finally, the negative association between primary health coverage and tuberculosis incidence highlights the importance of this level of care as a strategy to control this disease.
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