ArticleEuropean child & adolescent psychiatry2017
Additive effect of congenital heart disease and early developmental disorders on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: a nationwide population-based longitudinal study.
Article in European child & adolescent psychiatry, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Association Between Congenital Heart Disease and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Pediatric cardiology · 2023Pooled it
- Developmental outcomes after early surgery for complex congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Developmental medicine and child neurology · 2021Pooled it
- Integrating optimal patient-centered care: patient- and family-reported experiences after complex treatment for rare diseases.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2026Article
- Psychological Aspects and Mental Health Risks in Children and Adolescents with Congenital Heart Defects-A Systematic Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Fetal developmental trajectories following maternal immune activation are shaped by sex chromosome-gonadal interactions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Behavioral outcomes of preschool children with congenital heart disease and controls.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Comorbidities in Adolescents With Congenital Heart Disease: A Population-based Study.Pediatrics open science · 2025Article
- Educational outcomes among children with congenital heart disease compared to peers: a Scotland-wide record-linkage study of 715,850 schoolchildren.BMC pediatrics · 2024Article
- Association of congenital heart disease and neurodevelopmental disorders: an observational and Mendelian randomization study.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Observational
- Article
- Mental health in adult congenital heart disease.International journal of cardiology. Congenital heart disease · 2023Review
- Association between ultrasonography foetal anomalies and autism spectrum disorder.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2022Article
- Heterogeneity in Autism Spectrum Disorder Case-Finding Algorithms in United States Health Administrative Database Analyses.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2022Review
- Genetic mouse models of autism spectrum disorder present subtle heterogenous cardiac abnormalities.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022Article
- Article
- Neuroplacentology in congenital heart disease: placental connections to neurodevelopmental outcomes.Pediatric research · 2022Review
- Autism spectrum disorder and kidney disease.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2021Review
- Beyond Baby Siblings-Expanding the Definition of "High-Risk Infants" in Autism Research.Current psychiatry reports · 2021Review
- Social and Behavioral Difficulties in 10-Year-Old Children With Congenital Heart Disease: Prevalence and Risk Factors.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2020Article
- Association Between Greenness Surrounding Schools and Kindergartens and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children in China.JAMA network open · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In this retrospective nationwide population-based case-control study, we investigated the impact of congenital heart disease (CHD) on the development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which remains unclear. Children aged <18 years that were diagnosed with CHD (n = 3552) between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2009 were identified from the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Non-CHD controls (n = 14,208) matched for age and sex (1:4) were selected from the same dataset. All subjects were observed until December 31, 2011 or their death. Comorbid perinatal conditions and early developmental disorders (EDD) that were diagnosed before ADHD and ASD diagnosis were also analyzed. The incidence rates of perinatal comorbidities, EDD, ADHD, and ASD were higher in the CHD group than in the control group. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the CHD group had an increased risk of developing ADHD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.52, 95% confidence interval CI 1.96-3.25) and ASD (aHR 1.97, 95% CI 1.11-3.52) after adjusting for confounding comorbidities. EDD, but not perinatal comorbidities were also independent risk factors for ADHD and ASD after adjustment. Subgroup analysis indicated that the risk for ADHD (HR 16.59, 95% CI 12.17-22.60) and ASD (HR 80.68, 95% CI 39.96-176.12) was greatly increased in CHD subjects with EDD than in non-CHD subjects without EDD. These findings suggested that CHD at birth and EDD during early childhood were two independent risk factors for ADHD and ASD and that concurrent CHD and EDD might additively increase these risks.
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