ArticleBMC psychiatry2017
The role of ethnicity in pathways to emergency psychiatric services for clients with psychosis.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ethnic variations in compulsory detention under the Mental Health Act: a systematic review and meta-analysis of international data.The lancet. Psychiatry · 2019Pooled it
- Communities of Practice in Emergency Mental Health Care for Involuntary Patients in Common Law Countries: A Scoping Review of Evidence Gaps.Open access emergency medicine : OAEM · 2026Review
- Article
- Immigrant, racialised and ethno-culturally diverse communities and community treatment orders: A scoping review.The International journal of social psychiatry · 2025Article
- Ethnicity and involuntary hospitalisation: a study of intersectional effects.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- A co-produced review of the experiences of Black male detention under mental health legislation: Challenging discrimination in psychiatry using The Silences Framework.PLOS mental health · 2025Article
- The relationship between neighbourhood income and youth mental health service use differs by immigration experience: analysis of population-based data in British Columbia, Canada.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Racial Inequities in Police Transport for Patients to the Emergency Department: A Multicenter Analysis.American journal of preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Incidence, Racial Disparities and Factors Related to Psychosis among Black Individuals in Canada: A Scoping Review.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2023Article
- Care Pathways and Initial Engagement in Early Psychosis Intervention Services Among Youths and Young Adults.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Associations of Patient Race and Ethnicity With Emergency Department Disposition for Mental Health Visits in the United States.The Journal of clinical psychiatry · 2023Article
- Addressing Stigma and Promoting Help-Seeking Among African Nova Scotian Youth Experiencing Psychosis and Other Mental Health Problems.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2023Article
- Article
- The weaponization of medicine: Early psychosis in the Black community and the need for racially informed mental healthcare.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Review
- Youths' and Young Adults' Experiences of Police Involvement During Initiation of Involuntary Psychiatric Holds and Transport.Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) · 2022Article
- The Incidence of Psychotic Disorders and Area-level Marginalization in Ontario, Canada: A Population-based Retrospective Cohort Study.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2022Article
- Migrant status and risk of compulsory admission at first diagnosis of psychotic disorder: a population-based cohort study in Sweden.Psychological medicine · 2022Article
- Patterns of Primary Care Use Prior to a First Diagnosis of Nonaffective Psychotic Disorder in Ontario, Canada: Modèles d'utilisation des soins de première ligne avant un premier diagnostic de trouble psychotique non affectif en Ontario, Canada.Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie · 2021Article
- Inequalities in Psychiatric Service Use and Mortality by Migrant Status Following a First Diagnosis of Psychotic Disorder: A Swedish Cohort Study of 1.3M People.Schizophrenia bulletin open · 2021Article
- Risk of involuntary admission among first-generation ethnic minority groups with early psychosis: a retrospective cohort study using health administrative data.Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study investigates the role of ethnicity in pathways to emergency mental health care in Toronto for clients with psychosis, while taking into account neighborhood factors. Previous literature has focused on Afro-Caribbean clients, reporting an increased risk of accessing mental health care through negative pathways.
methodsA retrospective chart review for clients from 6 different ethnic origin groups presenting with psychosis - East Asian, South Asian, Black African, Black Caribbean, White European, and White North American - was undertaken in a psychiatric emergency department (ED). Logistic regression models were constructed to examine the relationship between pathways to care (involuntary detention under the Mental Health Act (MHA), police or ambulance referral, accompaniment by family or friends) with individual and neighbourhood factors.
resultsA total of 765 clients were included in the study. East Asian (OR =2.36, p < 0.01) and South Asian (OR 2.99, p < 0.01) origin clients have increased odds of presenting to the ED while involuntarily detained under the MHA. Involuntary status under the MHA increased the odds of presenting via police or ambulance (OR 8.27, p < 0.001). East Asian origin clients have increased odds of presenting to the ED by police or ambulance (OR =2.10, p < 0.05). Clients from neighbourhoods with higher levels of residential instability have increased odds of presenting by police or ambulance (OR =1.35, p < 0.01), while clients from neighbourhoods with higher levels of ethnic concentration have increased odds of being accompanied to the ED by family or friends (OR =1.33, p < 0.01).
conclusionIn contrast to previous studies, East Asian and South Asian origin clients with psychosis have increased odds of a coercive pathway to emergency psychiatric services in Toronto. Black African and Black Caribbean origin clients do not have increased odds of a coercive pathway. Clients living in areas with high levels of residential instability are more likely to encounter a negative pathway. Ethnic concentration may be a supportive factor in family and friend accompaniment.
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