ArticleScience translational medicine2017
Combined antiangiogenic and anti-PD-L1 therapy stimulates tumor immunity through HEV formation.
Article in Science translational medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 515 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
515 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 771 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunotherapy combined with apatinib in the treatment of advanced or metastatic gastric/gastroesophageal tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2024Pooled it
- Updated systematic review and network meta-analysis of first-line treatments for metastatic renal cell carcinoma with extended follow-up data.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Pooled it
- Anti-Angiogenic Agents Combined with Immunotherapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · 2024Pooled it
- Prognostic value of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in digestive system cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2023Pooled it
- Sintilimab plus Bevacizumab biosimilar IBI305 and chemotherapy as a first-line treatment in advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (SBAGA): a single-arm, phase Ib/II study.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- Randomized pilot study of camrelizumab with or without autologous cytokine-induced killer cells in refractory clear cell renal cell carcinoma.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Sitravatinib plus tislelizumab in locally recurrent or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: a multi-cohort, single-arm, phase II clinical trial (SPARK Trial).Molecular cancer · 2025Trial
- Transcriptomic and microenvironment characteristics of triple-negative breast cancer under three different neoadjuvant treatment regimens.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2025Trial
- Neoadjuvant anlotinib/sintilimab plus chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (NeoSACT): Phase 2 trial.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Anlotinib Plus Docetaxel is Promising in Advanced NSCLC Progressing on First-Line Immunotherapy: A Pooled Analysis of Two Randomized Trials.Advances in therapy · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Nivolumab plus chemotherapy or ipilimumab in gastroesophageal cancer: exploratory biomarker analyses of a randomized phase 3 trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Regorafenib plus avelumab in advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: a phase 2 trial and correlative analysis.Nature cancer · 2025Trial
- Ramucirumab in combination with pembrolizumab for recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a single-centre, phase 1/2 trial.The Lancet. Oncology · 2024Trial
- Camrelizumab (a PD-1 inhibitor) plus apatinib (an VEGFR-2 inhibitor) and hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C (TRIPLET): a phase II study.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2023Trial
- High Endothelial Venules in Small Cell Lung Cancer: Prognostic Subtypes and Therapeutic Implications for Immunoradiotherapy.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- High Endothelial Venules as Conduits for Antitumor Immune Cell Trafficking in Small Cell Lung Cancer.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- LPL-Positive Endothelial Cells Control T-cell Homing in Liver Metastasis.Cancer discovery · 2026Article
- Immune-pressure redistribution in resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic design.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Autophagy maintains high endothelial venule identity and function during inflammation.Immunity · 2026Article
455 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Inhibitors of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)/VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) are commonly used in the clinic, but their beneficial effects are only observed in a subset of patients and limited by induction of diverse relapse mechanisms. We describe the up-regulation of an adaptive immunosuppressive pathway during antiangiogenic therapy, by which PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1), the ligand of the negative immune checkpoint regulator PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), is enhanced by interferon-γ-expressing T cells in distinct intratumoral cell types in refractory pancreatic, breast, and brain tumor mouse models. Successful treatment with a combination of anti-VEGFR2 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies induced high endothelial venules (HEVs) in PyMT (polyoma middle T oncoprotein) breast cancer and RT2-PNET (Rip1-Tag2 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors), but not in glioblastoma (GBM). These HEVs promoted lymphocyte infiltration and activity through activation of lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) signaling. Further activation of LTβR signaling in tumor vessels using an agonistic antibody enhanced HEV formation, immunity, and subsequent apoptosis and necrosis in pancreatic and mammary tumors. Finally, LTβR agonists induced HEVs in recalcitrant GBM, enhanced cytotoxic T cell (CTL) activity, and thereby sensitized tumors to antiangiogenic/anti-PD-L1 therapy. Together, our preclinical studies provide evidence that anti-PD-L1 therapy can sensitize tumors to antiangiogenic therapy and prolong its efficacy, and conversely, antiangiogenic therapy can improve anti-PD-L1 treatment specifically when it generates intratumoral HEVs that facilitate enhanced CTL infiltration, activity, and tumor cell destruction.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.