ReviewMucosal immunology2017
Progesterone-based compounds affect immune responses and susceptibility to infections at diverse mucosal sites.
Review in Mucosal immunology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04365127 (A Single Center, Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Progesterone for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Men), which is not on this map. Cited by 106 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Single Center, Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Progesterone for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Men
Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 161 citations in OpenAlex.
- Deregulated mitochondrial microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease: Focus on synapse and mitochondria.Ageing research reviews · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19 pandemic: insights into molecular mechanisms leading to sex-based differences in patient outcomes.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2021Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Adverse Effects of Levonorgestrel Emergency Oral Contraceptive.Clinical drug investigation · 2020Pooled it
- Maternal oral contraceptive pill use and the risk of atopic diseases in the offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Medicine · 2020Pooled it
- Influence of Hormonal Contraceptive Use and HIV on Cervicovaginal Cytokines and Microbiota in Malawi.mSphere · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Comparison of Female Genital Tract Cytokine and Microbiota Signatures Induced by Initiation of Intramuscular DMPA and NET-EN Hormonal Contraceptives - a Prospective Cohort Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Positive association between sex hormones and inflammatory cytokines in trauma-exposed premenopausal women.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Flowing differently: exploratory characterization of menstrual effluent compared with peripheral blood.F&S science · 2026Article
- Distinct immunomodulatory effects of synthetic progestins compared with natural progesterone in human immune cells.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Article
- Different mucosal immunity and hormonal responses to routine physical training in the follicular and the luteal phases of elite female athletes.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Oral contraceptive usage among healthcare workers and its impact on COVID-19 booster vaccination immunogenicity.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Harnessing mucosal immunity for protective vaccines.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Sex differences in the long-term tolerability of BNT162b2 in children and adolescents.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Article
- Tenofovir, Interferon Pathways, and Mucosal Immunity: Implications for People Living With HIV.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- Association of Menopause and Hormonal Contraceptive Use With Chronic Rhinosinusitis: An "All of Us" Analysis.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Impact of pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction on inflammation within the equine reproductive tract of the mare.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over 100 million women worldwide are currently on progesterone-based contraceptives to improve their health outcomes through reduced maternal mortality and family planning. In addition to their role in reproduction, progesterone-based compounds modulate immune responses throughout the body, particularly at mucosal sites. By binding to receptors located in immune cells, including natural killer cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, as well in non-immune cells, such as epithelial and endothelial cells, progesterone-based compounds alter cellular signaling and activity to affect the outcome of infections at diverse mucosal sites, including the genital, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tracts. As the use of progesterone-based compounds, in the form of contraceptives and hormone-based therapies, continue to increase worldwide, greater consideration should be given to how the immunomodulatory effects these compounds alter the outcome of diseases at mucosal sites beyond the reproductive tract, which has profound implications for women's health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.