Functional Validation of Apoptosis Genes IAP1 and DRONC in Midgut Tissue of the Biting Midge Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) by RNAi.

Culicoides biting midges transmit multiple ruminant viruses, including bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, causing significant economic burden worldwide. To further enhance current control techniques, understanding vector-virus interactions within the midge is critical. We developed previously a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) delivery method to induce RNA interference (RNAi) for targeted gene knockdown in adult Culicoides sonorensis Wirth & Jones. Here, we confirm the C. sonorensis inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (CsIAP1) as an anti-apoptotic functional ortholog of IAP1 in Drosophila, identify the ortholog of the Drosophila initiator caspase DRONC (CsDRONC), and demonstrate that injection of dsRNA into the hemocoel can be used for targeted knockdown in the midgut in C. sonorensis. We observed CsIAP1 transcript reduction in whole midges, with highest transcript reduction in midgut tissues. IAP1knockdown (kd) resulted in pro-apoptotic caspase activation in midgut tissues. In IAP1kd midges, midgut tissue integrity and size were severely compromised. This phenotype, as well as reduced longevity, was partially reverted by co-RNAi suppression of CsDRONC and CsIAP1. Therefore, RNAi can be directed to the midgut of C. sonorensis, the initial site of virus infection, using dsRNA injection into the hemocoel. In addition, we provide evidence that the core apoptosis pathway is conserved in C. sonorensis and can be experimentally activated in the midgut to reduce longevity in C. sonorensis. This study thus paves the way for future reverse genetic analyses of midgut-virus interactions in C. sonorensis, including the putative antiviral properties of RNAi and apoptosis pathways.