ArticleSurgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA2017
Frequency of sternal variations in living individuals.
Article in Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Prevalence and morphometry of sternal and xiphoid foramen: a meta-analysis on 16,666 subjects.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2023Pooled it
- Evaluating the manubrium sterni as a site for bone implantation: a 3D radiological feasibility study.European radiology experimental · 2025Article
- Pediatric Sternal Segment Dislocation Caused by Different Types of Injury: A Report of Two Cases.Cureus · 2025Article
- Sternal Foramina Detected by Postmortem Computed Tomography in the Japanese Population: Prevalence and Developmental Patterns.Radiology research and practice · 2025Article
- Anatomical Variants Identified on Computed Tomography of Oropharyngeal Carcinoma Patients.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- Trifid and ventrally curved xiphoid process with two sternal foramina.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2022Article
- A safe area for sternal puncture in children: an MSCT study based on sternal development.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2022Article
- High prevalence of sternal foramina in indigenous Bolivians compared to Midwest Americans and indigenous North Americans (sternal foramina in indigenous Bolivians).Anatomical science international · 2021Article
- Honeycomb sterna: an unusual case of a developmental abnormality in the sternum.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2020Article
- Bifid Xiphoid Process: Case Report and Review.Cureus · 2018Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
purposeTo evaluate the variations of the sternum and provide the prevalence of sternal foramen and its anatomical relationships.
methodsIn this retrospective study, 544 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 95 years were evaluated. Sternal variations, prevalence of sternal foramen and its anatomical relationships to mediastinal structures were examined with the axial, sagittal and coronal reformat images of the patients who underwent thoracic computerized tomography.
resultsIn 500 subjects, following sternal variations were found: sternal sclerotic band in 120 (24%), sternal cleft in 3 (0.6%), sternal foramen in 26 (5.2%), focal cortical notch and defect in 44 (8.8%) patients. The manubriosternal fusion was partial in 65 (13%) patients and complete in 112 (22.4%) patients. The sternoxiphoid fusion was partial in 201 (40.2%) and complete in 153 (30.6%) patients. There was no xiphoid process in 9 patients (1.8%; 29-51 years; mean age 38 years). Xiphoidal ending types were as follows: single-ended 361 (72.2%), double-ended 125 (25%), and triple-ended xiphoid 5 (1%) patients. The sternal foramen was adjacent to the lung in 13 (2.6%), to the pericardium of heart in 3 (0.6%), and to mediastinal fat in 10 (2%) patients.
conclusionThe sternum is a very critical anatomic structure of the anterior chest wall with several variations that can be confused with pathologic conditions. Radiologists' familiarity with these variations is important for better radiologic evaluation in making differential diagnosis.
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