ArticleAnnals of internal medicine2017
Development of the SaFETy Score: A Clinical Screening Tool for Predicting Future Firearm Violence Risk.
Article in Annals of internal medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06582953 (Advancing the Evidence for HVIPs in the Southeast), which is not on this map. Cited by 50 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Advancing the Evidence for HVIPs in the Southeast: Comprehensive Patient- Centered Outcomes & Stakeholder Insights
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed.
- Network analysis of risk factors for firearm assault.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2026Article
- The Long-Term Impact of Adolescent Community Weapon-Related Violence Exposure on Depression: Insomnia as a Mediating Pathway.Journal of community psychology · 2026Article
- Disparities in Pediatric Firearm Injury Care: A Comparison of Chronic Illness Pathways.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2026Article
- Characteristics Associated With Community Violence Prevention Programs in US Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Survey Analysis.Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine · 2026Article
- Fear of Sleep in the Acute Aftermath of Trauma Predicts Future Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Moderating Role of Community Violence Exposure.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Aggression and attitudes toward firearm violence among high-risk youth: the moderating influence of psychological distress.Health & justice · 2026Article
- Community violence intervention: measuring risk & protective factors for gun use among program participants.Health & justice · 2026Review
- Evaluating a Digital Intervention to Reduce Aggression and Pro-Firearm Violence Attitudes Among Young Black Males: Pretest-Posttest Feasibility Study.JMIR pediatrics and parenting · 2025Article
- Emergency department utilization by youth before and after firearm injury.Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine · 2025Article
- Racialized economic segregation and youth firearm carriage: community violence as a mediator.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- Development, dissemination and survey evaluation of layered education for healthcare professionals to support implementation of firearm injury and mortality prevention strategies in emergency care settings, New York, USA.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2025Article
- Firearm Injury Risk Prediction Among Children Transported by 9-1-1 Emergency Medical Services: A Machine Learning Analysis.Pediatric emergency care · 2025Article
- Adapting a digital intervention to prevent youth violence and depressive symptoms from the emergency department for community violence interventions.Cogent mental health · 2025Article
- Firearm possession among emergency department youth and young adults: A latent class analysis.Preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Firearm violence and associated factors among young adults presenting to emergency departments in three cities: Baseline results from Project SPARK.Preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Associations Between Perceived Threats and Firearm Behaviors Among U.S. Adults.American journal of preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Association Between the SaFETy Score and Self-reported Firearm Violence Among Young Adults Presenting to Emergency Departments in Three Cities: A Cross-Sectional Study.Annals of internal medicine · 2024Article
- Screening for Youth Firearm Violence Exposure in Primary Care.AJPM focus · 2024Article
- Firearm screening in pediatric patients.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Article
- Impact of firearm injury in children and adolescents on health care costs and use within a family.Preventive medicine · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundInterpersonal firearm violence among youth is a substantial public health problem, and emergency department (ED) physicians require a clinical screening tool to identify high-risk youth.
objectiveTo derive a clinically feasible risk index for firearm violence.
design24-month prospective cohort study.
settingUrban, level 1 ED.
participantsSubstance-using youths, aged 14 to 24 years, seeking ED care for an assault-related injury and a proportionately sampled group of non-assault-injured youth enrolled from September 2009 through December 2011. MEASUREMENTS: Firearm violence (victimization/perpetration) and validated questionnaire items.
resultsA total of 599 youths were enrolled, and presence/absence of future firearm violence during follow-up could be ascertained in 483 (52.2% were positive). The sample was randomly split into training (75%) and post-score-construction validation (25%) sets. Using elastic-net penalized logistic regression, 118 baseline predictors were jointly analyzed; the most predictive variables fell predominantly into 4 domains: violence victimization, community exposure, peer influences, and fighting. By selection of 1 item from each domain, the 10-point SaFETy (Serious fighting, Friend weapon carrying, community Environment, and firearm Threats) score was derived. SaFETy was associated with firearm violence in the validation set (odds ratio [OR], 1.47 [95% CI, 1.23 to 1.79]); this association remained (OR, 1.44 [CI, 1.20 to 1.76]) after adjustment for reason for ED visit. In 5 risk strata observed in the training data, firearm violence rates in the validation set were 18.2% (2 of 11), 40.0% (18 of 45), 55.8% (24 of 43), 81.3% (13 of 16), and 100.0% (6 of 6), respectively. LIMITATIONS: The study was conducted in a single ED and involved substance-using youths. SaFETy was not externally validated.
conclusionThe SaFETy score is a 4-item score based on clinically feasible questionnaire items and is associated with firearm violence. Although broader validation is required, SaFETy shows potential to guide resource allocation for prevention of firearm violence. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institute on Drug Abuse R01024646.
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