ArticleBiological psychiatry2017
Increased Extra-axial Cerebrospinal Fluid in High-Risk Infants Who Later Develop Autism.
Article in Biological psychiatry, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 126 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
126 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 229 citations in OpenAlex.
- Presymptomatic Biological, Structural, and Functional Diagnostic Biomarkers of Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Pooled it
- miRNAs as biomarkers of autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Sleep, cerebrospinal fluid, and the glymphatic system: A systematic review.Sleep medicine reviews · 2022Pooled it
- The Value of Brain Imaging and Electrophysiological Testing for Early Screening of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- ASD mutations in the ciliary gene CEP41 impact development of projection neurons and interneurons in a human cortical organoid model.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Autism and the gut metabolome: Evidence for altered short-chain fatty acid profiles from a systematic review and meta-analysis.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Review
- Altered cerebrospinal fluid-based clearance mechanisms in aging autistic adults.Research square · 2026Article
- Increased CSF volume, altered brain development and emotional reactivity after postnatal Zika virus infection in infant rhesus macaques.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A cascading effects model of early sensory development in autism.Psychological review · 2026Review
- Extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid volumes from 6 to 24 months of age are associated with poorer executive function at school-age in children with and without autism.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2026Article
- Human cortical organoids recapitulate inter-individual variability in infant brain-growth trajectories.Cell stem cell · 2026Article
- Reference Trajectories of Extra-Axial Cerebrospinal Fluid during Childhood and Adolescence Defined in a Clinically Acquired MRI Dataset.Radiology. Artificial intelligence · 2026Article
- Autism Spectrum Disorder and Perivascular Spaces: An Integrative Perspective Across the Lifespan.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Perinatal brain growth and autistic traits in toddlers.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Perivascular Space Burden in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Correlates With Neurodevelopmental Severity.Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI · 2025Article
- Pilot study of association between neonatal brain perivascular space volume and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months.BMC medical imaging · 2025Article
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go?Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Benign External Hydrocephalus in a Subgroup of Autistic Children Prior to Autism Diagnosis.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Increased Extra-Axial Cerebrospinal Fluid Volume in Children with Angelman Syndrome: Links to Sleep Problems and Seizures.Annals of the Child Neurology Society · 2025Article
- Visualization of the Glymphatic System Through Brain Magnetic Resonance in Human Subjects with Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
66 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
45 authors at 12 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe previously reported that infants who developed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) had increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space (i.e., extra-axial CSF) from 6 to 24 months of age. We attempted to confirm and extend this finding in a larger independent sample.
methodsA longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of infants at risk for ASD was carried out on 343 infants, who underwent neuroimaging at 6, 12, and 24 months. Of these infants, 221 were at high risk for ASD because of an older sibling with ASD, and 122 were at low risk with no family history of ASD. A total of 47 infants were diagnosed with ASD at 24 months and were compared with 174 high-risk and 122 low-risk infants without ASD.
resultsInfants who developed ASD had significantly greater extra-axial CSF volume at 6 months compared with both comparison groups without ASD (18% greater than high-risk infants without ASD; Cohen's d = 0.54). Extra-axial CSF volume remained elevated through 24 months (d = 0.46). Infants with more severe autism symptoms had an even greater volume of extra-axial CSF from 6 to 24 months (24% greater at 6 months, d = 0.70; 15% greater at 24 months, d = 0.70). Extra-axial CSF volume at 6 months predicted which high-risk infants would be diagnosed with ASD at 24 months with an overall accuracy of 69% and corresponding 66% sensitivity and 68% specificity, which was fully cross-validated in a separate sample.
conclusionsThis study confirms and extends previous findings that increased extra-axial CSF is detectable at 6 months in high-risk infants who develop ASD. Future studies will address whether this anomaly is a contributing factor to the etiology of ASD or an early risk marker for ASD.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.