ArticleOncotarget2017
Penfluridol suppresses glioblastoma tumor growth by Akt-mediated inhibition of GLI1.
Article in Oncotarget, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Antipsychotic to Antitumor Agent: Cariprazine Suppresses Glioblastoma via D2/D3-ARRB2 Axis Modulation.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Tumor heterogeneity and resistance in glioblastoma: the role of stem cells.Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death · 2025Review
- A New Adjuvant Treatment for Glioblastoma Using Aprepitant, Vortioxetine, Roflumilast and Olanzapine: The AVRO Regimen.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- The Potential Therapeutic Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancers.Current molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Repurposing the antipsychotic drug penfluridol for cancer treatment (Review).Oncology reports · 2024Review
- Article
- Understanding the immunosuppressive microenvironment of glioma: mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2024Review
- CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Therapy for Glioblastoma: A Scoping Review.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Sertindole, an Antipsychotic Drug, Curbs the STAT3/BCL-xL Axis to Elicit Human Bladder Cancer Cell Apoptosis In Vitro.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Expression analysis and regulation of GLI and its correlation with stemness and metabolic alteration in human brain tumor.3 Biotech · 2023Article
- CRISPR/Cas9 system: a reliable and facile genome editing tool in modern biology.Molecular biology reports · 2022Review
- The complex relationship between integrins and oncolytic herpes Simplex Virus 1 in high-grade glioma therapeutics.Molecular therapy oncolytics · 2022Review
- GABAMolecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2022Article
- Targeting DRD2 by the antipsychotic drug, penfluridol, retards growth of renal cell carcinoma via inducing stemness inhibition and autophagy-mediated apoptosis.Cell death & disease · 2022Article
- Repurposing Antipsychotics for Cancer Treatment.Biomedicines · 2021Review
- Review
- Drug rechanneling: A novel paradigm for cancer treatment.Seminars in cancer biology · 2021Review
- Repurposing antipsychotics of the diphenylbutylpiperidine class for cancer therapy.Seminars in cancer biology · 2021Review
- The PI3K Inhibitor XH30 Enhances Response to Temozolomide in Drug-Resistant GlioblastomaFrontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Repurposing Pimavanserin, an Anti-Parkinson Drug for Pancreatic Cancer Therapy.Molecular therapy oncolytics · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common brain tumor with poor survival rate. Our results show that penfluridol, an antipsychotic drug significantly reduced the survival of ten adult and pediatric glioblastoma cell lines with IC50 ranging 2-5 μM after 72 hours of treatment and induced apoptosis. Penfluridol treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 and reduced the expression of GLI1, OCT4, Nanog and Sox2 in several glioblastoma cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibiting Akt with LY294002 and siRNA, or inhibiting GLI1 using GANT61, cyclopamine, siRNA and CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in enhanced cell growth suppressive effects of penfluridol. On the other hand, overexpression of GLI1 significantly attenuated the effects of penfluridol. Our results further demonstrated that penfluridol treatment inhibited the growth of U87MG tumors by 65% and 72% in subcutaneous and intracranial in vivo glioblastoma tumor models respectively. Immunohistochemical and western blot analysis of tumors revealed reduced pAkt (Ser 473), GLI1, OCT4 and increase in caspase-3 cleavage and TUNEL staining, confirming in vitro findings. Taken together, our results indicate that overall glioblastoma tumor growth suppression by penfluridol was associated with Akt-mediated inhibition of GLI1.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.