ReviewJournal of the National Cancer Institute2017
Role of Antigen Spread and Distinctive Characteristics of Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment.
Review in Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 138 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
138 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 208 citations in OpenAlex.
- Challenges targeting cancer neoantigens in 2021: a systematic literature review.Expert review of vaccines · 2021Pooled it
- Randomized Phase II Trial of Sipuleucel-T with or without Radium-223 in Men with Bone-metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2021Trial
- Blood-derived dendritic cell vaccinations induce immune responses that correlate with clinical outcome in patients with chemo-naive castration-resistant prostate cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2019Trial
- Review
- Antigen Spreading via Localized Administration Enhances Adoptive TCR-T Cell Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Antigen presentation requirements for effective cDC1-based cancer immunotherapy.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Article
- Combinatorial in situ cancer vaccines: unlocking broad and enhanced antitumor responses.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Personalized cancer vaccines: bridging immune-oncology and precision medicine for advanced therapeutics.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Review
- PARP inhibition combined with a T-cell receptor β chain-directed antibody fusion molecule drives polyclonal antitumor immunity and tumor regression.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Combined radiation andMolecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Salmonella vector creates de novo parvovirus that reduces solid tumors and forms antitumor immune memory.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Innovative peptide-loaded hybrid membrane nanovaccine enables precise personalized immunotherapy for HPV-related cervical diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Seasonal variation in immune-related adverse events in advanced cancer patients.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Antigen spreading mediates heterogeneous solid tumor eradication by DNA demethylating agent-programmed CAR T cells.Science advances · 2026Article
- Recombinant CALR polarizes and activates macrophages in tumors.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Optimization of THP-1-CAR monocytes utilizing CD32a signaling phagocytosis for antigen-specific T cell activation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Antigen presentation requirements for effective cDC1-based cancer immunotherapy.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Predictive Value of EGFR Expression for the Efficacy of Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer.JMA journal · 2026Article
78 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an important breakthrough in cancer. US Food and Drug Administration-approved immunotherapies for cancer treatment (including, but not limited to, sipuleucel-T, ipilimumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and atezolizumab) substantially improve overall survival across multiple malignancies. One mechanism of action of these treatments is to induce an immune response against antigen-bearing tumor cells; the resultant cell death releases secondary (nontargeted) tumor antigens. Secondary antigens prime subsequent immune responses (antigen spread). Immunotherapy-induced antigen spread has been shown in clinical studies. For example, in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients, sipuleucel-T induced early immune responses to the immunizing antigen (PA2024) and/or the target antigen (prostatic acid phosphatase). Thereafter, most patients developed increased antibody responses to numerous secondary proteins, several of which are expressed in prostate cancer with functional relevance in cancer. The ipilimumab-induced antibody profile in melanoma patients shows that antigen spread also occurs with immune checkpoint blockade. In contrast to chemotherapy, immunotherapy often does not result in short-term changes in conventional disease progression end points (eg, progression-free survival, tumor size), which may be explained, in part, by the time taken for antigen spread to occur. Thus, immune-related response criteria need to be identified to better monitor the effectiveness of immunotherapy. As immunotherapy antitumor effects take time to evolve, immunotherapy in patients with less advanced cancer may have greater clinical benefit vs those with more advanced disease. This concept is supported by prostate cancer clinical studies with sipuleucel-T, PSA-TRICOM, and ipilimumab. We discuss antigen spread with cancer immunotherapy and its implications for clinical outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.