ArticleFrontiers in pharmacology2017
Effects of Ketamine on Levels of Inflammatory Cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the Hippocampus of Mice Following Acute or Chronic Administration.
Article in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular pathways of ketamine: A systematic review of immediate and sustained effects on PTSD.Psychopharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A Meta-analysis of Immune Parameters, Variability, and Assessment of Modal Distribution in Psychosis and Test of the Immune Subgroup Hypothesis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2019Pooled it
- The antidepressant effect of whole-body hyperthermia is associated with the classical interleukin-6 signaling pathway.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Trial
- Ketamine attenuates anxiety-like behavior and oxidative imbalance in the maternal immune activation model: emphasis on the cerebellum.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Protective Effects of Gallic Acid on Oxidative and Inflammatory Markers in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex of a Ketamine-Induced Schizophrenia-like Model.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Esketamine/Ketamine: Dual-Action Mechanisms and Clinical Prospects beyond Anesthesia in Psychiatry, Immunology, and Oncology.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Unraveling Cannabidiol's Dual Modulatory Role in Schizophrenia: Network Pharmacology and In Vivo Validation of Neuroinflammatory and Behavioral Modulation.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Chronic High-Dose Ketamine-Induced Apoptosis in the Hippocampus: A Narrative Review.Neurochemical research · 2025Review
- Response of iPSC-derived neurons from individuals with treatment-resistant depression to (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine and reelin: an exploratory study.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Review
- Considerations for Care of the Cancer Patient.International anesthesiology clinics · 2025Article
- Protective effects of curcumin/magnesium oxide nanoparticles on ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in the mouse hippocampus.Research in pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Article
- Insights for the Next Generation of Ketamine for the Treatment of Depressive Disorder.Journal of medicinal chemistry · 2025Review
- Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi Stem and Leaf Flavonoids Ameliorate the Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats Induced by Okadaic Acid.Combinatorial chemistry & high throughput screening · 2025Article
- Anesthetic Approaches and Their Impact on Cancer Recurrence and Metastasis: A Comprehensive Review.Cancers · 2024Review
- The Role of Anesthetic Management in Lung Cancer Recurrence and Metastasis: A Comprehensive Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Dexmedetomidine improves the circulatory dysfunction of the glymphatic system induced by sevoflurane through the PI3K/AKT/ΔFosB/AQP4 pathway in young mice.Cell death & disease · 2024Article
- Effect of General Anesthetic Agents on Microglia.Aging and disease · 2024Review
- Curcumin alleviates inflammatory effects of ketamine anesthesia in postnatal rats.Veterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal · 2024Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ketamine is an injectable anesthetic and recreational drug of abuse commonly used worldwide. Many experimental studies have shown that ketamine can impair cognitive function and induce psychotic states. Neuroinflammation has been suggested to play an important role in neurodegeneration. Meanwhile, ketamine has been shown to modulate the levels of inflammatory cytokines. We hypothesized that the effects of ketamine on the central nervous system are associated with inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we set out to establish acute and chronic ketamine administration models in C57BL/6 mice, to evaluate spatial recognition memory and emotional response, to analyze the changes in the levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the mouse hippocampus, employing behavioral tests, Western blot, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that ketamine at the dose of 60 mg/kg induced spatial recognition memory deficit and reduced anxiety-like behaviors in mice after chronic administration. Moreover, we found that ketamine increased the hippocampal levels of IL-6 and IL-1β after single, multiple and long-term administration in a dose-dependent manner. However, the expression level of TNF-α differed in the mouse hippocampus under different conditions. Single administration of ketamine increased the level of TNF-α, whereas multiple and long-term administration decreased it significantly. We considered that TNF-α expression could be controlled by a bi-directional regulatory pathway, which was associated with the dose and duration of ketamine administration. Our results suggest that the alterations in the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α may be involved in the neurotoxicity of ketamine.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.