SynthesisInternational journal of environmental research and public health2017
Hand Hygiene Intervention Strategies to Reduce Diarrhoea and Respiratory Infections among Schoolchildren in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 54 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
54 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Influence of government policies on handwashing and vaccine uptake in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania to prevent and control COVID-19: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- The effects of school-based hygiene intervention programme: Systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Interventions to increase personal protective behaviours to limit the spread of respiratory viruses: A rapid evidence review and meta-analysis.British journal of health psychology · 2022Pooled it
- Hand-washing promotion for preventing diarrhoea.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- Use, adoption, and effectiveness of tippy-tap handwashing station in promoting hand hygiene practices in resource-limited settings: a systematic review.BMC public health · 2020Pooled it
- Community-based interventions for preventing diarrhoea in people living with HIV in sub-Sahara Africa: A systematic review.Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi · 2019Pooled it
- Healthy Eating and Food Hygiene Among Adolescents in Central Kazakhstan: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Effect of hand hygiene program among school children in Bangladesh.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A Quasi-Experimental Pre-Post Assessment of Hand Hygiene Practices and Hand Dirtiness Following a School-Based Educational Campaign.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Hand Hygiene Roles, Challenges, and Intervention Feedback from School Staff: A Qualitative Analysis, Belize, 2022-2023.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- WASH and learn: a scoping review of health, education and gender equity outcomes of school-based water, sanitation and hygiene in low-income and middle-income countries.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Comorbidity of diarrhea and respiratory infection symptoms, and associated factors among under-five children in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Hand Dirtiness Assessment to Inform Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Appropriateness in Community Settings in Uganda and Kenya.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Factors influencing hygienic behavior among students in Central Kazakhstan during COVID-19.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Intervention to Improve Children's Hygiene in Urban Squatter Settlement Schools in Pakistan: An Implementation Research.Environmental health insights · 2025Article
- [Epidemiological characteristics in gastroenteritis diagnosis before and during the pandemic].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2024Observational
- Assessing the Effectiveness of a Multicomponent Intervention on Hand Hygiene and Well-Being in Primary Health Care Centers and Schools Lacking Functional Water Supply in Protracted Conflict Settings: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2024Article
- Hand hygiene knowledge and demonstrated technique among Malawian kindergarten children: A quasi-experimental study.Nursing open · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Effective and appropriate hand-washing practice for schoolchildren is important in preventing infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, which is the second most common cause of death among school-age children in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of the review was to identify hand hygiene intervention strategies to reduce infectious diseases such as diarrhoea and respiratory tract infections among schoolchildren aged 6-12 years in developing countries. Published research articles were searched from databases covering a period from as far back as the creation of the databases to November 2015. Eight randomized controlled trials (RCT/CRCT) from developing countries met the inclusion criteria. The Jadad Scale for appraising RCT/CRCT studies revealed methodological challenges in most studies, such that 75% (6/8) were rated as low-quality articles. The review found that hand hygiene can reduce the incidence of diarrhoea and respiratory conditions. Three hand hygiene intervention strategies utilized were training, funding and policy, with training and funding implemented more commonly than policy. These strategies were not only used in isolation but also in combination, and they qualified as multi-level interventions. Factors that influenced hand washing were contextual, psychosocial and technological. Findings can inform school health workers in categorizing and prioritizing activities into viable strategies when implementing multi-level hand-washing interventions. This review also adds to the existing evidence that multi-level hand-washing interventions can reduce the incidence of diarrhoea, respiratory infections, and school absenteeism. Further evidence-based studies are needed with improved methodological rigour in developing countries, to inform policy in this area.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.