ArticleBiology of sex differences2017
Association between cannabis use and methadone maintenance treatment outcomes: an investigation into sex differences.
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cannabinoid exposure across substance use disorders: Short-term symptom benefits without sustained therapeutic gains in a tier-weighted systematic review.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2026Pooled it
- Treatment Outcomes in Patients With Opioid Use Disorder Who Were First Introduced to Opioids by Prescription: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2020Pooled it
- The Association Between Recreational Cannabis Use and 24-hour Movement Behaviours: Perceptions of Youth Citizen Scientists.Journal of adolescence · 2025Article
- Perspectives regarding cannabis use: Results from a qualitative study of individuals engaged in substance use treatment in Georgia and Connecticut.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- A genome-wide association, polygenic risk score and sex study on opioid use disorder treatment outcomes.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Cannabis-Dependent Relationship Between Methadone Treatment Dose and Illicit Opioid Use in a Community-Based Cohort of People Who Use Drugs.Cannabis and cannabinoid research · 2023Article
- Genetics of cannabis use in opioid use disorder: A genome-wide association and polygenic risk score study.PloS one · 2023Article
- The prevalence and pattern of cannabis use among patients attending a methadone treatment clinic in Nairobi, Kenya.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2022Article
- Cannabis use and suicidal ideation among youth: Can we democratize school policies using digital citizen science?PloS one · 2022Article
- Prevalence of Cannabis Use and Cannabis Route of Administration among Massachusetts Adults in Buprenorphine Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder.Substance use & misuse · 2022Article
- The Inclusion of Patients' Reported Outcomes to Inform Treatment Effectiveness Measures in Opioid Use Disorder. A Systematic Review.Patient related outcome measures · 2022Review
- Predictors of Retention and Drug Use Among Patients With Opioid Use Disorder Transferred to a Specialty "Second Chance" Methadone Program.Substance abuse : research and treatment · 2022Article
- Cannabis use and opioid relapse: An exploratory survival analysis of prospectively collected data.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
- Cannabis use in patients treated for opioid use disorder pre- and post-recreational cannabis legalization in Canada.Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy · 2021Article
- A buprenorphine-validated rat model of opioid use disorder optimized to study sex differences in vulnerability to relapse.Psychopharmacology · 2021Article
- The association between cannabis use and outcome in pharmacological treatment for opioid use disorder.Harm reduction journal · 2021Article
- The association between health conditions and cannabis use in patients with opioid use disorder receiving methadone maintenance treatment.BJPsych open · 2019Article
- The association between cannabis use and suicidal behavior in patients with psychiatric disorders: an analysis of sex differences.Biology of sex differences · 2018Article
- Non-medical Cannabis Self-Exposure as a Dimensional Predictor of Opioid Dependence Diagnosis: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2018Article
- The impact of cannabis use on patients enrolled in opioid agonist therapy in Ontario, Canada.PloS one · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCannabis will soon become legalized in Canada, and it is currently unclear how this will impact public health. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is the most common pharmacological treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD), and despite its documented effectiveness, a large number of patients respond poorly and experience relapse to illicit opioids. Some studies implicate cannabis use as a risk factor for poor MMT response. Although it is well established that substance-use behaviors differ by sex, few of these studies have considered sex as a potential moderator. The current study aims to investigate sex differences in the association between cannabis use and illicit opioid use in a cohort of MMT patients.
methodsThis multicentre study recruited participants on MMT for OUD from Canadian Addiction Treatment Centre sites in Ontario, Canada. Sex differences in the association between any cannabis use and illicit opioid use were investigated using multivariable logistic regression. A secondary analysis was conducted to investigate the association with heaviness of cannabis use.
resultsThe study included 414 men and 363 women with OUD receiving MMT. Cannabis use was significantly associated with illicit opioid use in women only (OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.18, 2.82,
conclusionsThis is the largest study to date examining the association between cannabis use and illicit opioid use. Cannabis use may be a sex-specific predictor of poor response to MMT, such that women are more likely to use illicit opioids if they also use cannabis during treatment. Women may show improved treatment outcomes if cannabis use is addressed during MMT.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.