Evidence map›Paper›PMID 28361446›Full record

SynthesisCancer causes & control : CCC2017

Does milk intake promote prostate cancer initiation or progression via effects on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sean Harrison, Rosie Lennon, Jeff Holly, Julian P T Higgins, Mike Gardner, Claire Perks, Tom Gaunt, Vanessa Tan, Cath Borwick, Pauline Emmet and 9 more

Open access · hybridAbstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Cancer causes & control : CCC, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
44citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
6.9field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

44 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  6. Article
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  11. Observational
  12. Review
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  15. Article
  16. Plant-Based Milk Alternatives and Risk Factors for Kidney Stones and Chronic Kidney Disease.Journal of renal nutrition : the official journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation · 2022
    Article
  17. Article
  18. Association of plant-based diet index with prostate cancer risk.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2022
    Article
  19. Article
  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.

Sean HarrisonSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7966-0700
Rosie LennonSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Jeff HollyIGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences at North Bristol, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, Bristol, UK.
Julian P T HigginsSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Mike GardnerSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Claire PerksIGFs & Metabolic Endocrinology Group, School of Clinical Sciences at North Bristol, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB, Bristol, UK.
Tom GauntSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Vanessa TanSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Cath BorwickSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Pauline EmmetSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Mona JeffreysSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Kate NorthstoneCLAHRC West, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Sabina RinaldiInternational Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
Stephen ThomasSchool of Oral and Dental Sciences,, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Suzanne D TurnerDepartment of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Anna PeaseSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Vicky VilenchickSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Richard M MartinSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Sarah J LewisSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. s.j.lewis@bristol.ac.uk.
University of Bristol · GBNorth Bristol NHS Trust · GBCentre international de recherche sur le cancer · FRUniversity Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust · GBUniversity Of Bristol Dental Hospital · GBUniversity of Cambridge · GB

Funding

Cancer Research UK A19169Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/1Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/2Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/8Wellcome TrustWorld Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo establish whether the association between milk intake and prostate cancer operates via the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway (including IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3).

methodsSystematic review, collating data from all relevant studies examining associations of milk with IGF, and those examining associations of IGF with prostate cancer risk and progression. Data were extracted from experimental and observational studies conducted in either humans or animals, and analyzed using meta-analysis where possible, with summary data presented otherwise.

resultsOne hundred and seventy-two studies met the inclusion criteria: 31 examining the milk-IGF relationship; 132 examining the IGF-prostate cancer relationship in humans; and 10 animal studies examining the IGF-prostate cancer relationship. There was moderate evidence that circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 increase with milk (and dairy protein) intake (an estimated standardized effect size of 0.10 SD increase in IGF-I and 0.05 SD in IGFBP-3 per 1 SD increase in milk intake). There was moderate evidence that prostate cancer risk increased with IGF-I (Random effects meta-analysis OR per SD increase in IGF-I 1.09; 95% CI 1.03, 1.16; n = 51 studies) and decreased with IGFBP-3 (OR 0.90; 0.83, 0.98; n = 39 studies), but not with other growth factors. The IGFBP-3 -202A/C single nucleotide polymorphism was positively associated with prostate cancer (pooled OR for A/C vs. AA = 1.22; 95% CI 0.84, 1.79; OR for C/C vs. AA = 1.51; 1.03, 2.21, n = 8 studies). No strong associations were observed for IGF-II, IGFBP-1 or IGFBP-2 with either milk intake or prostate cancer risk. There was little consistency within the data extracted from the small number of animal studies. There was additional evidence to suggest that the suppression of IGF-II can reduce tumor size, and contradictory evidence with regards to the effect of IGFBP-3 suppression on tumor progression.

conclusionIGF-I is a potential mechanism underlying the observed associations between milk intake and prostate cancer risk.

Indexed as

AnimalsDisease ProgressionHumansInsulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3Insulin-Like Growth Factor IInsulin-Like Growth Factor IIMaleMilkProstateProstatic NeoplasmsRiskInsulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3Insulin-Like Growth Factor IInsulin-Like Growth Factor IIInsulin-like growth factorsMechanistic pathwayMeta-analysisMilkProstate cancerSystematic review

Identifiers

PMID28361446
PMCPMC5400803
OpenAlexW2600116390

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.