ArticleProtoplasma2017
Downregulation of lizard immuno-genes in the regenerating tail and myogenes in the scarring limb suggests that tail regeneration occurs in an immuno-privileged organ.
Article in Protoplasma, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Speculations on the Evolution of Tail Regeneration in Lizards: Lessons from an Outstanding Case of Organ Regeneration in Amniotes.Journal of developmental biology · 2026Article
- Activation of Marck-like Genes and Proteins During Initial Phases of Regeneration in the Amputated Tail and Limb of the LizardJournal of developmental biology · 2025Article
- Comparative proteomic analysis of tail regeneration in the green anole lizard,Natural sciences (Weinheim, Germany) · 2024Article
- Single-cell analysis of lizard blastema fibroblasts reveals phagocyte-dependent activation of Hedgehog-responsive chondrogenesis.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Introduction to the Study on Regeneration in Lizards as an Amniote Model of Organ Regeneration.Journal of developmental biology · 2021Article
- Self-Control of Inflammation during Tail Regeneration of Lizards.Journal of developmental biology · 2021Review
- Myeloid cell diversification during regenerative inflammation: Lessons from skeletal muscle.Seminars in cell & developmental biology · 2021Review
- Injury-Induced Innate Immune Response During Segment Regeneration of the Earthworm,International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
- Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of Hemidactylus frenatus during initial stages of tail regeneration.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Review
- From Autonomy to Integration, From Integration to Dynamically Balanced Integrated Co-existence: Non-aging as the Third Stage of Development.Frontiers in aging · 2021Article
- Research progress of scar repair and its influence on physical and mental health.International journal of burns and trauma · 2021Review
- Article
- Immunological mechanisms of scarring and their psychological impact on patients.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2021Review
- Anatomical and histological analyses reveal that tail repair is coupled with regrowth in wild-caught, juvenile American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis).Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Immunodetection of ephrin receptors in the regenerating tail of the lizardZoological research · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Amputated tails of lizards regenerate while limbs form scars which histological structure is very different from the original organs. Lizards provide useful information for regenerative medicine and some hypotheses on the loss of regeneration in terrestrial vertebrates. Analysis of tail and limb transcriptomes shows strong downregulation in the tail blastema for immunoglobulins and surface B and T receptors, cell function, and metabolism. In contrast, in the limb blastema genes for myogenesis, muscle and cell function, and extracellular matrix deposition but not immunity are variably downregulated. The upregulated genes show that the regenerating tail is an embryonic organ driven by the Wnt pathway and non-coding RNAs. The strong inflammation following amputation, the non-activation of the Wnt pathway, and the upregulation of inflammatory genes with no downregulation of immune genes indicate that the amputated limb does not activate an embryonic program. Intense inflammation in limbs influences in particular the activity of genes coding for muscle proteins, cell functions, and stimulates the deposition of dense extracellular matrix proteins resulting in scarring limb outgrowths devoid of muscles. The present study complements that on upregulated genes, and indicates that the regenerating tail requires immune suppression to maintain this embryonic organ connected to the rest of the tail without be rejected or turned into a scar. It is hypothesized that the evolution of the adaptive immune system determined scarring instead of organ regeneration in terrestrial vertebrates and that lizards evolved the process of tail regeneration through a mechanism of immuno-evasion.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.