ArticlePlanta2017
Virus-induced gene silencing of the two squalene synthase isoforms of apple tree (Malus × domestica L.) negatively impacts phytosterol biosynthesis, plastid pigmentation and leaf growth.
Article in Planta, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-Wide Identification of the Sulfate Transporters Gene Family in Blueberry (International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Temporal transcriptome and metabolome study revealed molecular mechanisms underlying rose responses to red spider mite infestation and predatory mite antagonism.Frontiers in plant science · 2024Article
- Functional Characterization of Four Olive Squalene Synthases with Respect to the Squalene Content of the Virgin Olive Oil.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2023Article
- Downregulation of Squalene Synthase Broadly Impacts Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Guayule.Metabolites · 2022Article
- Recent Developments and Strategies for the Application ofFrontiers in plant science · 2022Review
- Article
- Silencing of germacrene A synthase genes reduces guaianolide oxalate content inGM crops & food · 2020Article
- Molecular Cloning and Functional Identification of a Squalene Synthase Encoding Gene from Alfalfa (International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Functional characterization of squalene synthase and squalene epoxidase inPlant direct · 2018Article
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
MAIN
conclusionThe use of a VIGS approach to silence the newly characterized apple tree SQS isoforms points out the biological function of phytosterols in plastid pigmentation and leaf development. Triterpenoids are beneficial health compounds highly accumulated in apple; however, their metabolic regulation is poorly understood. Squalene synthase (SQS) is a key branch point enzyme involved in both phytosterol and triterpene biosynthesis. In this study, two SQS isoforms were identified in apple tree genome. Both isoforms are located at the endoplasmic reticulum surface and were demonstrated to be functional SQS enzymes using an in vitro activity assay. MdSQS1 and MdSQS2 display specificities in their expression profiles with respect to plant organs and environmental constraints. This indicates a possible preferential involvement of each isoform in phytosterol and/or triterpene metabolic pathways as further argued using RNAseq meta-transcriptomic analyses. Finally, a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach was used to silence MdSQS1 and MdSQS2. The concomitant down-regulation of both MdSQS isoforms strongly affected phytosterol synthesis without alteration in triterpene accumulation, since triterpene-specific oxidosqualene synthases were found to be up-regulated to compensate metabolic flux reduction. Phytosterol deficiencies in silenced plants clearly disturbed chloroplast pigmentation and led to abnormal development impacting leaf division rather than elongation or differentiation. In conclusion, beyond the characterization of two SQS isoforms in apple tree, this work brings clues for a specific involvement of each isoform in phytosterol and triterpene pathways and emphasizes the biological function of phytosterols in development and chloroplast integrity. Our report also opens the door to metabolism studies in Malus domestica using the apple latent spherical virus-based VIGS method.
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