ArticleVaccine2017
Sublingual targeting of STING with 3'3'-cGAMP promotes systemic and mucosal immunity against anthrax toxins.
Article in Vaccine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Therapeutic targeting of the cGAS-STING pathway in human disease.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Boosting the immune response and protective efficacy of inactivated PRV vaccine using cGAMP as a mucosal adjuvant.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Mucosal Vaccine Development: From Adjuvant Design to Next-Generation Delivery Strategies.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- A STING-adjuvanted outer membrane vesicle nanoparticle vaccine vs.PNAS nexus · 2026Article
- STING agonists as antiviral agents.FEBS letters · 2026Review
- Human anthrax vaccines: Current status and future prospects.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Review
- Progress Update on STING Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Tuning Helical Peptide Nanofibers as a Sublingual Vaccine Platform for a Variety of Peptide Epitopes.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Transcriptome-based characterization of 3'2'-cGAMP signaling mediated immune responses.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- STING Targeting in Lung Diseases.Cells · 2022Review
- STING-pathway modulation to enhance the immunogenicity of adenoviral-vectored vaccines.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- The STING Ligand and Delivery System Synergistically Enhance the Immunogenicity of an Intranasal Spike SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidate.Biomedicines · 2022Article
- Intranasal Immunization With a c-di-GMP-Adjuvanted Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Provides Superior Immunity AgainstFrontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- A two-adjuvant multiantigen candidate vaccine induces superior protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 challenge.Cell reports · 2021Article
- Single-dose intranasal vaccination elicits systemic and mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2.iScience · 2021Article
- The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development.Vaccines · 2021Review
- The cGAS-STING Pathway: A Promising Immunotherapy Target.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- The Age of Cyclic Dinucleotide Vaccine Adjuvants.Vaccines · 2020Review
- New MoDC-Targeting TNF Fusion Proteins Enhance Cyclic Di-GMP Vaccine Adjuvanticity in Middle-Aged and Aged Mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2020Article
- DNA sensing by the cGAS-STING pathway in health and disease.Nature reviews. Genetics · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a zoonotic bacterial pathogen affecting humans and livestock worldwide. The current human anthrax vaccine, anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA), is an injected vaccine with a cumbersome administration schedule and fails to promote mucosal immunity. Bacterial enterotoxins, which stimulate production of the cyclic nucleotide cAMP are effective experimental mucosal vaccine adjuvants, but their inherent toxicity has precluded their use in humans. We investigated whether cyclic dinucleotides that target Stimulator of Interferon Gamma Genes (STING) in mammalian cells could represent an alternative to bacterial enterotoxins as adjuvant for sublingual immunization and promotion of mucosal immunity and secretory IgA responses in addition to systemic immunity. We found that sublingual immunization of mice with Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) and the STING ligand 3'3'-cGAMP promotes PA-specific serum IgG Ab responses of the same magnitude as those induced after immunization with PA and the experimental adjuvant cholera toxin (CT). Interestingly, this STING ligand also promoted serum anti-PA IgA and IgA-producing cells in the bone marrow. Furthermore, the saliva of mice immunized with the STING ligand exhibited similar levels of PA-specific IgA Abs as groups immunized with CT as adjuvant. The adjuvant activity of 3'3'-cGAMP was associated with mixed Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses. This STING ligand also induced rapid IFN-β and IL-10 responses in sublingual tissues and cervical lymph nodes, and TGF-β responses in the cervical lymph nodes, which could contribute to promoting IgA responses after sublingual immunization.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.