Trial reportNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2017
Health Warning Labels for Smokeless Tobacco: The Impact of Graphic Images on Attention, Recall, and Craving.
Trial report in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Emotional salience of the image component facilitates recall of the text of cigarette warning labels.European journal of public health · 2019Trial
- The Impact of Graphic Health Warning Labels on Smokeless Tobacco Packets on Motivation to Quit among Current Users: A Cross-Sectional Study.Addiction & health · 2025Article
- Cigar-Specific Health Warnings: Attention, Recall, and Perceived Effectiveness Among Young Adult Users and Non-Users.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Visual attention and recall of flavored cigarillo package elements among young adults: A randomized control trial.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Assessing Attention to Tobacco Warnings With a Heatmapping Task.American journal of preventive medicine · 2023Article
- Presence of Nicotine Warning Statement on US Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) Advertisements 6 Months Before and After the August 10, 2018 Effective Date.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- Visual attention to blu's parody warnings and the FDA's warning on e-cigarette advertisements.Addictive behaviors · 2022Article
- Eye tracking applied to tobacco smoking: current directions and future perspectives.Journal of eye movement research · 2022Article
- The impact of health warnings for sugar-sweetened beverages on consumer perceptions of advertising.Public health nutrition · 2021Article
- Effects of Different Graphic Health Warning Types on the Intention to Quit Smoking.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Multidisciplinary Approach to Smoking Cessation in Late Adolescence: A Pilot Study.Global pediatric health · 2020Article
- An Eye Tracking Study of Anti-Smoking Messages on Toxic Chemicals in Cigarettes.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- A review of tobacco regulatory science research on vulnerable populations.Preventive medicine · 2019Review
- Global Evidence on the Association between Cigarette Graphic Warning Labels and Cigarette Smoking Prevalence and Consumption.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2018Article
- A Policy Perspective on the Global Use of Smokeless Tobacco.Current addiction reports · 2017Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionLittle research has examined the impacts of graphic health warnings on the users of smokeless tobacco products.
methodsA convenience sample of past-month, male smokeless tobacco users (n = 142; 100% male) was randomly assigned to view a smokeless tobacco advertisement with a graphic health warning (GHW) or a text-only warning. Eye-tracking equipment measured viewing time, or dwell time, in milliseconds. Following the advertisement exposure, participants self-reported smokeless tobacco craving and recalled any content in the health warning message (unaided recall). Linear and logistic regression analyses evaluated the proportion of time viewing the GHW, craving, and GHW recall.
resultsParticipants who viewed a GHW spent a significantly greater proportion of their ad viewing time on GHWs (2.87 seconds or 30%), compared to those viewing a text-only warning (2.05 seconds or 24%). Although there were no significant differences by condition in total advertisement viewing duration, those participants viewing a GHW had increased recall of health warning messages compared to the text-only warning (76% had any warning message recall compared to 53%; p < .05). Self-reported craving after advertisement exposure was lower in the GHW compared to text-only condition, but the difference was not statistically significant (a rating of 4.4 vs. 5.3 on a 10-point scale; p = .08).
conclusionsGHWs attracted greater attention and greater recall of health warning messages compared to text-only warnings among rural male smokeless tobacco users. IMPLICATIONS: Among a sample of rural smokeless tobacco users, GHWs attracted more attention and recall of health warning messages compared to text-only warnings when viewed within smokeless tobacco advertising. These findings provide additional empirical support that GHWs are an effective tobacco control tool for all tobacco products and advertisements.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.