ArticleApplied in vitro toxicology2017
Inflammatory Response and Barrier Dysfunction by Different e-Cigarette Flavoring Chemicals Identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in e-Liquids and e-Vapors on Human Lung Epithelial Cells and Fibroblasts.
Article in Applied in vitro toxicology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 127 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
127 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 216 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Effects of Thirdhand Vape Residue from Nicotine and Non-Nicotine Vapes on Cells: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Pulmonary effects of e-liquid flavors: a systematic review.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Lung Damage Caused by Heated Tobacco Products and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- Flavor-Toxicant Correlation in E-cigarettes: A Meta-Analysis.Chemical research in toxicology · 2020Pooled it
- Antibiofilm Activity of a Thermoformable Material Loaded With Essential Oil Solution.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2026Article
- Passive Tobacco Smoke Exposure, Oxidative Stress and Pediatric Allergic and Obstructive Respiratory Diseases: A Systematic Review and a "Second Oxidative Hit" Hypothesis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Associations between dual use of combustible cigarettes and electronic nicotine delivery systems and allergic rhinitis: An analysis of KNHANES data.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2026Article
- Vanilla and Vanillin as Probable Causes of Hypersensitivity Reactions and Vaping Cytotoxicity.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Water addition to e-liquids to reduce flavour aldehyde acetal formation: chemistry and user sensory experience and appeal.Tobacco control · 2026Article
- Toxicity, Chemistry, and Public Health Relevance of Emerging Nicotine Analog Vapes, Pods, and Pouches.Chemical research in toxicology · 2026Review
- Oxidative stress mediates cardiac electrophysiological injury in inhalation exposure to flavored vaping products.Heart rhythm · 2026Article
- Review
- Exploring the Impact of E-cigarettes on Cardiovascular Health: Insights from Preclinical and Clinical Studies.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2025Review
- The respiratory epithelium in the era of vaping: insights fromEuropean respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2025Review
- Impact of nicotine-free and nicotine-rich flavored electronic cigarette refill liquids on primary human melanocyte function.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Polarization of THP-1-Derived Human M0 to M1 Macrophages Exposed to Flavored E-Liquids.Toxics · 2025Article
- The Effects of Individual Components of E-Cigarettes on Ion Transport and Airway Surface Liquid Height in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Pathophysiological Responses of Oral Keratinocytes After Exposure to Flavored E-Cigarette Liquids.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Altered expression profile of plasma exosomal microRNAs in exclusive electronic cigarette adult users.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- E-Cigarette Use, Cigarette Smoking, and Sex Are Associated With Nasal Microbiome Dysbiosis.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that electronic cigarette (e-cig) flavors can be harmful to lung tissue by imposing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. The potential inflammatory response by lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts exposed to e-cig flavoring chemicals in addition to other risk-anticipated flavor enhancers inhaled by e-cig users is not known. The goal of this study was to evaluate the release of the proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin-8 [IL-8]) and epithelial barrier function in response to different e-cig flavoring chemicals identified in various e-cig e-liquid flavorings and vapors by chemical characterization using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Flavorings, such as acetoin (butter), diacetyl, pentanedione, maltol (malt), ortho-vanillin (vanilla), coumarin, and cinnamaldehyde in comparison with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), were used in this study. Human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas2B), human mucoepidermoid carcinoma epithelial cells (H292), and human lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) were treated with each flavoring chemical for 24 hours. The cells and conditioned media were then collected and analyzed for toxicity (viability %), lung epithelial barrier function, and proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 release. Cell viability was not significantly affected by any of the flavoring chemicals tested at a concentration of 10 μM to 1 mM. Acetoin and diacetyl treatment induced IL-8 release in Beas2B cells. Acetoin- and pentanedione-treated HFL-1 cells produced a differential, but significant response for IL-8 release compared to controls and TNFα. Flavorings, such as ortho-vanillin and maltol, induced IL-8 release in Beas2B cells, but not in H292 cells. Of all the flavoring chemicals tested, acetoin and maltol were more potent inducers of IL-8 release than TNFα in Beas2B and HFL-1 cells. Flavoring chemicals rapidly impaired epithelial barrier function in human bronchial epithelial cells (16-HBE) as measured by electric cell surface impedance sensing. Our findings suggest that some of the e-cig liquids/aerosols containing flavoring chemicals can cause significant loss of epithelial barrier function and proinflammatory response in lung cells.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.