ArticleCerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)2018
Testosterone Effects on the Brain in Transgender Men.
Article in Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), 2018. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Brain Activation Patterns during Sexual Arousal: A Comparative Time-Course Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in Postoperative Female-to-Male Transgender Individuals, Cisgender Men, and Premenopausal Women.The world journal of men's health · 2026Article
- Article
- Body Composition by Bioimpedance in Transgender Women, Cali, Colombia.BioMed research international · 2026Article
- Sex and Gender Identities Are Emergent Properties of Neural Complexity.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Beyond sex: the effects of testosterone on visuomotor performance in men and women.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- Beyond the Gender Binarism: Neural Correlates of Trans Men in a Functional Connectivity-Resting-State fMRI Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Pain mechanisms in the transgender individual: a review.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- CBLL1 is hypomethylated and correlates with cortical thickness in transgender men before gender affirming hormone treatment.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Cortical Structure Differences in Relation to Age, Sexual Attractions, and Gender Dysphoria in Adolescents: An Examination of Mean Diffusivity and T1 Relaxation Time.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- Alterations in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus - a specific neural correlate of gender incongruence?Psychological medicine · 2023Article
- The Roles of Androgens in Humans: Biology, Metabolic Regulation and Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Brain Sex in Transgender Women Is Shifted towards Gender Identity.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Inter-Network Brain Functional Connectivity in Adolescents Assigned Female at Birth Who Experience Gender Dysphoria.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- Translating the Transcriptome: Sex Differences in the Mechanisms of Depression and Stress, Revisited.Biological psychiatry · 2022Review
- The Effects of Testosterone on the Brain of Transgender Men.Androgens: clinical research and therapeutics · 2021Review
- Cortical Gyrification in Transgender Individuals.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2021Article
- Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement.Endocrine reviews · 2021Article
- Cross-sex hormone treatment and own-body perception: behavioral and brain connectivity profiles.Scientific reports · 2021Observational
- A Multi-Modal MRI Analysis of Cortical Structure in Relation to Gender Dysphoria, Sexual Orientation, and Age in Adolescents.Journal of clinical medicine · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Transgender individuals experience incongruence between their gender identity and birth-assigned sex. The resulting gender dysphoria (GD), which some gender-incongruent individuals experience, is theorized to be a consequence of atypical cerebral sexual differentiation, but support for this assertion is inconsistent. We recently found that GD is associated with disconnected networks involved in self-referential thinking and own body perception. Here, we investigate how these networks in trans men (assigned female at birth with male gender identity) are affected by testosterone. In 22 trans men, we obtained T1-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans before and after testosterone treatment, measuring cortical thickness (Cth), subcortical volumes, fractional anisotropy (FA), and functional connectivity. Nineteen cisgender controls (male and female) were also scanned twice. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was thicker in trans men than controls pretreatment, and remained unchanged posttreatment. Testosterone treatment resulted in increased Cth in the insular cortex, changes in cortico-cortical thickness covariation between mPFC and occipital cortex, increased FA in the fronto-occipital tract connecting these regions, and increased functional connectivity between mPFC and temporo-parietal junction, compared with controls. Concluding, in trans men testosterone treatment resulted in functional and structural changes in self-referential and own body perception areas.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.