ReviewToxins2017
Inflammatory Cytokines as Uremic Toxins: "Ni Son Todos Los Que Estan, Ni Estan Todos Los Que Son".
Review in Toxins, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reduce SARS-CoV2-Induced Inflammatory Cytokines Under High Glucose and Uremic Toxin Conditions.Stem cells and development · 2021Pooled it
- High cut-off dialysis mitigates pro-calcific effects of plasma on vascular progenitor cells.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Combined Docosahexaenoic Acid and Captopril Treatment Attenuates Indole Acetic Acid Induced Cardiovascular Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Article
- Review
- A guide to uraemic toxicity.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Gene Expression Profile of Cultured Human Coronary Arterial Endothelial Cells Exposed to Serum from Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: Role ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Adiponectin and All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Metabolites · 2025Review
- Review
- The C-reactive protein/albumin ratio as a nutritional biomarker in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a cross-sectional study of malnutrition-inflammation status assessment.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Hemodiafiltration with endogenous reinfusion for uremic toxin removal in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: a pilot study.Renal failure · 2024Article
- Role of Uremic Toxins in Vascular Inflammation Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Osteoprotegerin and Inflammation in Incident Peritoneal Dialysis Patients.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Protein-rich foods, sea foods, and gut microbiota amplify immune responses in chronic diseases and cancers - Targeting PERK as a novel therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2024Review
- IL-6 and IL-17 as potential links between pre-existing hypertension and long-term COVID sequelae in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a multicenter cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- SCARF Genes in COVID-19 and Kidney Disease: A Path to Comorbidity-Specific Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Association of Smoking, Diabetes, and Dialysis with the Presence of Popliteal Lesions in Femoropopliteal Artery Disease.Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis · 2023Article
- Fibrosis of Peritoneal Membrane, Molecular Indicators of Aging and Frailty Unveil Vulnerable Patients in Long-Term Peritoneal Dialysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- From Diabetic Nephropathy to End-Stage Renal Disease: The Effect of Chemokines on the Immune System.Journal of diabetes research · 2023Article
- Inflammatory biomarkers in staging of chronic kidney disease: elevated TNFR2 levels accompanies renal function decline.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2022Article
- The Signaling Pathway of TNF Receptors: Linking Animal Models of Renal Disease to Human CKD.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is among the fastest growing causes of death worldwide. An increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death is thought to depend on the accumulation of uremic toxins when glomerular filtration rate falls. In addition, the circulating levels of several markers of inflammation predict mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Indeed, a number of cytokines are listed in databases of uremic toxins and uremic retention solutes. They include inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6, TNFα), chemokines (IL-8), and adipokines (adiponectin, leptin and resistin), as well as anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10). We now critically review the cytokines that may be considered uremic toxins. We discuss the rationale to consider them uremic toxins (mechanisms underlying the increased serum levels and evidence supporting their contribution to CKD manifestations), identify gaps in knowledge, discuss potential therapeutic implications to be tested in clinical trials in order to make this knowledge useful for the practicing physician, and identify additional cytokines, cytokine receptors and chemokines that may fulfill the criteria to be considered uremic toxins, such as sIL-6R, sTNFR1, sTNFR2, IL-2, CXCL12, CX3CL1 and others. In addition, we suggest that IL-10, leptin, adiponectin and resistin should not be considered uremic toxins toxins based on insufficient or contradictory evidence of an association with adverse outcomes in humans or preclinical data not consistent with a causal association.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.