ArticleScience immunology2016
IL-1β is an innate immune sensor of microbial proteolysis.
Article in Science immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 142 citations in OpenAlex.
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- A protease-sensing circuit links neutrophil inflammation to virulence regulation inbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Host Proteome Remodeling During Group A Streptococcus Skin Infection.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2026Article
- Gasdermins against intracellular bacterial pathogens.Nature microbiology · 2026Review
- Group A Streptococcal Virulence Factors and Vaccine Development-An Update.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Loss of Fsr quorum sensing promotes biofilm formation and worsens outcomes in enterococcal infective endocarditis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- The type 1 and type 3 immune responses underlying the tissue inflammation associated with NOX2 deficiency.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- T cells in Group AFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Disproportionality Analysis of Adverse Events Associated with IL-1 Inhibitors in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Staphylococcus aureus induces Gasdermin A-dependent keratinocyte pyroptosis.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Lysosomal permeabilization by Group AbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Streptococcus pyogenes EVs induce the alternative inflammasome via caspase-4/-5 in human monocytes.EMBO reports · 2025Article
- Therapeutic Inhibition of Metalloproteases by Tetracyclines During Infection by Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Pentamidine inhibition of streptopain attenuatesMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- RNA-binding protein YebC enhances translation of proline-rich amino acid stretches in bacteria.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Antibiotics re-booted-time to kick back against drug resistance.npj antimicrobials and resistance · 2025Review
- Single-Cell Transcriptomes of Immune Cells from Multiple Compartments Redefine the Ontology of Myeloid Subtypes Post-Stroke.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key proinflammatory cytokine that drives antimicrobial immune responses. IL-1β is aberrantly activated in autoimmune diseases, and IL-1β inhibitors are used as therapeutic agents to treat patients with certain autoimmune disorders. Review of postmarketing surveillance of patients receiving IL-1β inhibitors found a disproportionate reporting of invasive infections by group A Streptococcus (GAS). IL-1β inhibition increased mouse susceptibility to GAS infection, but IL-1β was produced independent of canonical inflammasomes. Newly synthesized IL-1β has an amino-terminal prodomain that blocks signaling activity, which is usually proteolytically removed by caspase-1, a protease activated within the inflammasome structure. In place of host caspases, the secreted GAS cysteine protease SpeB generated mature IL-1β. During invasive infection, GAS isolates may acquire pathoadaptive mutations eliminating SpeB expression to evade detection by IL-1β. Pharmacological IL-1β inhibition alleviates this selective pressure, allowing invasive infection by nonpathoadapted GAS. Thus, IL-1β is a sensor that directly detects pathogen-associated proteolysis through an independent pathway operating in parallel with host inflammasomes. Because IL-1β function is maintained across species, yet cleavage by caspases does not appear to be, detection of microbial proteases may represent an ancestral system of innate immune regulation.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.