ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2017
The Lysis of Pathogenic Escherichia coli by Bacteriophages Releases Less Endotoxin Than by β-Lactams.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 60 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reassessment of Historical Clinical Trials Supports the Effectiveness of Phage Therapy.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Phage Therapy Is Partially Successful in Rescuing Hornworms fromAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Regenerative Microbiology: Harnessing Bacterial Antagonism and Spatiotemporal Signaling for Diabetic Wound Repair.Smart medicine · 2026Review
- A Century-Old Solution for 21st Century Challenges: Current Applications with a Focus on Biocontrol, Environmental Impacts, and Regulatory Perspectives.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Limitations and safety aspects related to the use of bacteriophages in food production.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Article
- Harnessing phages in the age of antibiotic resistance: immunological perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Lytic bacteriophages targeting carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in a resource-limited Zambian laboratory.Access microbiology · 2026Article
- Quantifying phage infectivity from characteristics of bacterial population dynamics.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Bacteriophage immunotherapy with artificial antigen-directed immune labeling against bacterial infection.Science advances · 2025Article
- Innovative Non-antibiotic Strategies for Combating Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Diabetic Foot Infections.Current microbiology · 2025Review
- Marine Bacteriophages as Next-Generation Therapeutics: Insights into Antimicrobial Potential and Application.Viruses · 2025Review
- Adjunctive phage therapy improves antibiotic treatment of ventilator-associated-pneumonia with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Combating Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanisms, Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens, and Novel Therapeutic Approaches: An Updated Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Advancements in Escherichia coli secretion systems for enhanced recombinant protein production.World journal of microbiology & biotechnology · 2025Review
- Phage therapeutic delivery methods and clinical trials for combating clinically relevant pathogens.Therapeutic delivery · 2025Review
- Isolation and characterization of new lytic bacteriophage PSA-KC1 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Bacteriophage FNU1 negatesFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Phages indirectly maintain tomato plant pathogen defense through regulation of the commensal microbiome.ISME communications · 2025Article
- Bacteriophage entrapment strategies for the treatment of chronic wound infections: a comprehensive review.Archives of microbiology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issuedErratum.2017
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BACKGROUND.: Other than numerous experimental data assessing phage therapy efficacy, questions regarding safety of this approach are not sufficiently addressed. In particular, as phages can kill bacterial cells within <10 minutes, the associated endotoxin release (ER) in severe infections caused by gram-negative bacteria could be a matter of concern. METHODS.: Two therapeutic virulent phages and 4 reference antibiotics were studied in vitro for their ability to kill 2 pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and generate an ER. The early interaction (first 3 hours) between these actors was assessed over time by studying the instantaneous cell viability, the colony-forming unit count, the concentration of free endotoxin released, and the cell morphology under light microscope. RESULTS.: While β-lactams have a relatively slow effect, both tested phages, as well as amikacin, were able to rapidly abolish the bacterial growth. Even when considering the fastest phage (cell lysis in 9 minutes), the concentrations of phage-induced ER never reached the highest values, which were recorded with antibiotic treatments. Cumulative concentrations of endotoxin over time in phage-treated conditions were lower than those observed with β-lactams and close to those observed with amikacin. Whereas β-lactams were responsible for strong cell morphology changes (spheroplast with imipenem, filamentous cells with cefoxitin and ceftriaxone), amikacin and phages did not modify cell shape but produced intracellular inclusion bodies. CONCLUSIONS.: This work provides important and comforting data regarding the safety of phage therapy. Therapeutically relevant phages, with their low endotoxin release profile and fast bactericidal effect, are not inferior to β-lactams.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.