ReviewJournal of the American Heart Association2017
Two Decades of Cardiovascular Trials With Primary Surrogate Endpoints: 1990-2011.
Review in Journal of the American Heart Association, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 30 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 54 citations in OpenAlex.
- Surrogate endpoint evaluation using data from one large global randomized controlled trial.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2021Pooled it
- Assessment of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event Across Diverse Racial Groups of Psoriasis Patients on Biologic Therapy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.The Journal of dermatology · 2026Article
- What matters to society when making decisions about reimbursing drugs for prostate cancer: a discrete choice experiment.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Article
- Emerging uncertainty on the anti-aging potential of metformin.Ageing research reviews · 2025Review
- Regulatory Approval vs Guideline Endorsement of Novel BP-Lowering Treatments.JAMA cardiology · 2025Article
- Drug Discovery and Development for Heart Failure Using Multi-Omics Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Reporting of surrogate endpoints in randomised controlled trial protocols (SPIRIT-Surrogate): extension checklist with explanation and elaboration.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2024Article
- Reporting of surrogate endpoints in randomised controlled trial reports (CONSORT-Surrogate): extension checklist with explanation and elaboration.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2024Article
- Using Guidelines of Care to Lower Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Psoriasis.Dermatologic clinics · 2024Review
- Range and Consistency of Cardiovascular Outcomes Reported by Clinical Trials in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review.Transplantation direct · 2023Article
- One-Year Follow-Up of Vascular Intervention Trials Disrupted by the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Use-Case landscape.Cardiovascular revascularization medicine : including molecular interventions · 2022Article
- The need for increased pragmatism in cardiovascular clinical trials.Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2022Review
- Article
- Article
- Biomarker changes as surrogate endpoints in early-phase trials in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.ESC heart failure · 2022Article
- Is There a Causal Link Between Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Disease? A Concise Review of Recent Findings.International dental journal · 2022Review
- Efficacy and safety outcomes of proposed randomized controlled trials investigating hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2021Review
- Anticoagulation in COVID-19: Randomized trials should set the balance between excitement and evidence.Thrombosis research · 2020Article
- Non-inferiority trials using a surrogate marker as the primary endpoint: An increasing phenotype in cardiovascular trials.Clinical trials (London, England) · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSurrogate endpoint trials test strategies more efficiently but are accompanied by uncertainty about the relationship between changes in surrogate markers and clinical outcomes. METHODS AND
resultsWe identified cardiovascular trials with primary surrogate endpoints published in the
conclusionsAlthough cardiovascular surrogate outcomes trials frequently show superiority of the tested intervention, they are infrequently followed by a prominent outcomes trial. When there was a high-profile clinical outcomes study, nearly half of the positive surrogate trials were not validated. Cardiovascular surrogate outcome trials may be more appropriate for excluding benefit from the patient perspective than for identifying it.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.