ArticleEpidemiology and infection2017
Proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for norovirus infection.
Article in Epidemiology and infection, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Proton Pump Inhibitors: Current Use and the Risk of Coronavirus Infectious Disease 2019 Development and its Related Mortality. Meta-analysis.Archives of medical research · 2021Pooled it
- Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of COVID-19 Infection in Children.The Journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- Pre-existing Proton Pump Inhibitor Treatment and Short-Term Prognosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction Patients.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
- Novel Advances in the Evaluation and Treatment of Children With Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Review
- An Additional Perspective on Proton Pump Inhibitors as Risk Factors for COVID-19.Clinical drug investigation · 2021Article
- Enteric Coronavirus Infection and Treatment Modeled With an Immunocompetent Human Intestine-On-A-Chip.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Article
- Proton Pump Inhibitors are Risk Factors for Viral Infections: Even for COVID-19?Clinical drug investigation · 2020Review
- Proton Pump Inhibitors in Children: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2020Review
- Association Between Acute Gastroenteritis and Continuous Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors During Winter Periods of Highest Circulation of Enteric Viruses.JAMA network open · 2019Article
- Review
- Risk factors for contagious gastroenteritis in adult patients with diarrhoea in the emergency department - a prospective observational multicentre study.BMC infectious diseases · 2019Observational
- Gastric Acid and Enteric Infections: Souring on the Use of PPIs.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Norovirus causes viral gastroenteritis, which is a major problem in health care. The disease causes death in elderly and seriously ill patients, and results in significant health costs each year. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) reduce gastric acidity, which is an important protection against microorganisms. We hypothesised that treatment with PPIs increases the risk of contracting norovirus infection. This has not previously been studied. The study was a retrospective case-control study, in which 192 hospitalised patients positive for norovirus in Örebro County, Sweden, were identified as cases. For each case, a hospitalised patient who did not have the infection was selected as a control, and matched with respect to ward, gender, admission date and age. Details of exposure, i.e. treatment with PPIs, were retrieved from the patient records. Odds ratio (OR) with confidence intervals (CIs) and P-values were calculated using McNemar's test. There was a significantly increased risk of norovirus infection in patients treated with PPIs compared with patients without PPI treatment (OR 1·73, 95% CI 1·07-2·81; P = 0·02). PPIs appear to be a risk factor for norovirus infection, and our results motivate future studies to further examine this association.
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Registered trials
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