ReviewEndocrine reviews2017
Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Type 2 Diabetes Prevention: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications.
Review in Endocrine reviews, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04865029 (Acute Estradiol and Progesterone Therapy in Hospitalized Adults to Reduce Coronavirus Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 152 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Acute Estradiol and Progesterone Therapy in Hospitalized Adults to Reduce Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Severity: A Randomized Control Trial
Who cites it
152 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 321 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical practice guideline of the Interamerican Society of Cardiology on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women.Archivos de cardiologia de Mexico · 2022Guideline
- Gender Differences in the Context of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Metabolic Diseases.Frontiers in physiology · 2021Pooled it
- Association between central adiposity and cognitive domain function in recently postmenopausal women: an analysis from the KEEPS-Cog substudy of the Kronos Early Estrogen Preventive Study.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Trial
- Acute Flaxseed Intake Reduces Postprandial Glycemia in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Cardiometabolic measures and cognition in early menopause - Analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial.Maturitas · 2022Trial
- Acute estradiol and progesterone therapy in hospitalised adults to reduce COVID-19 severity: a randomised control trial.BMJ open · 2021Trial
- Effect of conjugated estrogens and bazedoxifene on glucose, energy and lipid metabolism in obese postmenopausal women.European journal of endocrinology · 2020Trial
- Low-dose tamoxifen ameliorates ovariectomy-induced metabolic and immune dysfunction.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Associations of Life's Essential 8 cardiovascular health score with prevalent microvascular complications stratified by sex and menopausal status in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2026Article
- Menopause hormone therapy and type 2 diabetes risk and prognosis: systematic review and meta-analyses.Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Diabetes Type 2 in Women: The Impact of EndogenousOestrogen, A Population-Based Study With About 2 Decades of Follow-Up.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Article
- Glycaemic biomarker trends across pre-war and wartime periods in Ukraine, 2021-2024: a repeated cross-sectional study.EClinicalMedicine · 2026Article
- Association between fundus sex index and hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking in the Kumejima study.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Prevalence and risk factors associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria in diabetic postmenopausal women in Tripoli, Libya.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Sex steroids, SHBG and type 2 diabetes in women: what do we really know?Diabetologia · 2026Review
- Insulin Sensitivity and Associated Plasma Proteomics During Sex Hormone Therapy.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Observational
- Article
- Machine learning predicts diabetes risk in high-risk populations: analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Association Between Disease Complications and Markers of Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Menopause Hormone Therapy in Women With Cardiovascular Risk Factors or Established Ischemic Heart Disease: A Joint FIGO and WHF Position Paper.Global heart · 2026Review
92 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. Large, randomized controlled trials suggest that menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) delays the onset of type 2 diabetes in women. However, the mechanisms and clinical implications of this association are still a matter of controversy. This review provides an up-to-date analysis and integration of epidemiological, clinical, and basic studies, and proposes a mechanistic explanation for the effect of menopause and MHT on type 2 diabetes development and prevention. We discuss the beneficial effects of endogenous estradiol with respect to insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, and glucose effectiveness; we also discuss energy expenditure and adipose distribution, both of which are affected by menopause and improved by MHT, which thereby decreases the incidence of type 2 diabetes. We reconcile differences among studies that investigated the effect of menopause and MHT formulations on type 2 diabetes. We argue that discrepancies arise from physiological differences in methods used to assess glucose homeostasis, ranging from clinical indices of insulin sensitivity to steady-state methods to assess insulin action. We also discuss the influence of the route of estrogen administration and the addition of progestogens. We conclude that, although MHT is neither approved nor appropriate for the prevention of type 2 diabetes due to its complex balance of risks and benefits, it should not be withheld from women with increased risk of type 2 diabetes who seek treatment for menopausal symptoms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.