ArticlePloS one2017
Contribution of urinary tract infection to the burden of febrile illnesses in young children in rural Kenya.
Article in PloS one, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Prevalence of urinary tract infection and the validity of urine analysis in the diagnosis of uti in febrile under-fives at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Prevalence, Diagnostic Accuracy, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Uropathogens in Urinary Tract Infections at a Health Facility in Kumasi, Ghana.MicrobiologyOpen · 2025Article
- Comparison of Urine Dipstick and Urine Sediment Microscopy With Culture for Diagnosing Pediatric Urinary Tract Infections: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study at Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Ethiopia.International journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Antimicrobial resistance pattern and uropathogens distribution in children visiting a referral hospital in Mogadishu.Future science OA · 2024Article
- Magnitude and associated factors of bacterial urinary tract infections among paediatric patients in Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia.New microbes and new infections · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Article
- Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of UropathogenicMicrobial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.) · 2022Article
- Bacterial and Fungal Profile, Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacterial Pathogens and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infection Among Symptomatic Pediatrics Patients Attending St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College: A Cross-Sectional Study.Infection and drug resistance · 2022Article
- Article
- [Time series: pathologic determinants of cytobiochemical urinalysis and urinary infections at the University Clinics in Kinshasa].The Pan African medical journal · 2021Article
- Phenotypic and Genotypic Antibiotic Resistant diarrheagenicEthiopian journal of health sciences · 2020Article
- Bacterial profile, antibiotic susceptibility pattern and associated risk factors of urinary tract infection among clinically suspected children attending at Felege-Hiwot comprehensive and specialized hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A prospective study.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- A Putative Role of Apolipoprotein L1 Polymorphism in Renal Parenchymal Scarring Following Febrile Urinary Tract Infection in Nigerian Under-Five Children: Proposal for a Case-Control Association Study.JMIR research protocols · 2018Article
- Whole genome sequencing reveals high clonal diversity ofAntimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2018Article
- Antibiotic use on paediatric inpatients in a teaching hospital in the Gambia, a retrospective study.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe clinical features of UTI in young children may not localize to the urinary tract and closely resemble other febrile illnesses. In malaria endemic areas, a child presenting with fever is often treated presumptively for malaria without investigation for UTI. Delayed or inadequate treatment of UTI increases the risk of bacteremia and renal scarring in young children and subsequently complications as hypertension and end stage renal disease in adulthood.
methodsA cross-sectional study was carried out in a hospital in western Kenya. Inpatients and outpatients 2 months to five years with axillary temperature ≥37.5°C and no antibiotic use in the previous week were enrolled between September 2012 and April 2013. Urine dipstick tests, microscopy, and cultures were done and susceptibility patterns to commonly prescribed antibiotics established. UTI was defined as presence of pyuria (a positive urine dipstick or microscopy test) plus a positive urine culture.
resultsA total of 260 subjects were recruited; 45.8% were female and the median age was 25months (IQR: 13, 43.5). The overall prevalence of UTI was 11.9%. Inpatients had a higher prevalence compared to outpatients (17.9% v 7.8%, p = 0.027). UTI co-existed with malaria but the association was not significant (OR 0.80, p = 0.570). The most common organisms isolated were Escherichia coli (64.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (12.9%) and were sensitive to ciproflaxin, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, gentamycin and nitrofurantoin but largely resistant to more commonly used antibiotics such as ampicillin (0%), amoxicillin (16.7%), cotrimoxazole (16.7%) and amoxicillin-clavulinate (25%).
conclusionOur study demonstrates UTI contributes significantly to the burden of febrile illness in young children and often co-exists with other infections. Multi-drug resistant organisms are common therefore choice of antimicrobial therapy should be based on local sensitivity pattern.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.