ArticleSubstance use & misuse2017
Heroin and Methamphetamine Injection: An Emerging Drug Use Pattern.
Article in Substance use & misuse, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04706624 (Screen, Treat and Retain Meth-using People With Opioid Use Disorders at Methadone Clinics), which is not on this map. Cited by 114 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Screen, Treat and Retain Meth-using People With Opioid Use Disorders at Methadone Clinics
Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 193 citations in OpenAlex.
- A mapping review of NIDA-funded implementation research studies on treatments for opioid and/or stimulant use disorders.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of medications for stimulant use disorders in patients with co-occurring opioid use disorders.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2020Pooled it
- The Evolving Overdose Epidemic: Synthetic Opioids and Rising Stimulant-Related Harms.Epidemiologic reviews · 2020Pooled it
- The ASAM/AAAP Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Stimulant Use Disorder.Journal of addiction medicineGuideline
- Comparative Effectiveness of Buprenorphine/Naloxone and Methadone on Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Use Among People with Opioid Use Disorder in Canada.Substance use & addiction journal · 2025Trial
- Methamphetamine use and illicit opioid use during buprenorphine treatment.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2023Trial
- Methamphetamine/amphetamine use over time among persons with opioid use disorders treated with buprenorphine/naloxone versus extended-release naltrexone.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2022Trial
- The Emergency Department Longitudinal Integrated Care (ED-LINC) intervention targeting opioid use disorder: A pilot randomized clinical trial.Journal of substance abuse treatment · 2022Trial
- Increasing substance use disorder counselors' self-efficacy and skills in talking to patients about sex and HIV risk: A randomized training trial.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2019Trial
- Provider Perspectives on the Delivery of Long-Acting PrEP for HIV Prevention to Men Who Have Sex with Men and Who Use Methamphetamine.AIDS patient care and STDs · 2026Article
- The Critical Role of Community-Based National HIV Behavioral Surveillance in the United States' Response to HIV.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Patient Trust in Healthcare Providers among People on Methadone Maintenance Treatment Using Methamphetamine in Vietnam.Substance use & misuse · 2026Article
- Access to non-police crisis response for people who use drugs: lessons from community safety response programs in two U.S. cities.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Crack/cocaine use to manage xylazine exposure in fentanyl in Connecticut: findings from a convergent mixed methods study.Harm reduction journal · 2026Article
- Global burden of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use in 204 countries, 1990-2023: a Global Burden of Disease Study.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- The evolving epidemiology of opioid use disorder: polysubstance use, drug supply transformation, and policy implications.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- Impact of morphine dependence and withdrawal on economic demand for fentanyl, cocaine, and methamphetamine in rats.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Syringe service program leader and participant perspectives on reasons for opioid-stimulant co-use in the United States.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the Characteristics Associated With Methamphetamine Use in Patients With Heroin Use Disorder.Alpha psychiatry · 2025Article
- Responding to an evolving crisis: Meeting the needs of a growing population who smoke their unregulated substances.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2025Article
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveWe sought to describe an emerging drug use pattern characterized by injection of both methamphetamine and heroin. We examined differences in drug injection patterns by demographics, injection behaviors, HIV and HCV status, and overdose.
methodsPersons who inject drugs (PWID) were recruited as part of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) system in Denver, Colorado. We used chi-square statistics to assess differences between those who reported only heroin injection, only methamphetamine injection, and combined heroin and methamphetamine injection. We used generalized linear models to estimate unadjusted and adjusted prevalence ratios to describe the association between drug injection pattern and reported nonfatal overdose in 2015. We also examined changes in the drug reported as most frequently injected across previous NHBS cycles from 2005, 2009, and 2012.
resultsOf 592 participants who completed the survey in 2015, 173 (29.2%) reported only injecting heroin, 123 (20.8%) reported only injecting methamphetamine, and 296 (50.0%) reported injecting both drugs during the past 12 months. Injecting both heroin and methamphetamine was associated with a 2.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.7, 4.5) fold increase in reported overdose in the past 12 months compared with only injecting heroin. The proportion of those reporting methamphetamine as the most frequently injected drug increased from 2.1% in 2005 to 29.6% in 2015 (p < 0.001).
conclusionsThe rapid increase in methamphetamine injection, and the emergence of combining methamphetamine with heroin, may have serious public health implications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.